The problem considered in this paper is that of finding conditions on a range space such that the closed-graph theorem holds for linear mappings from a class of linear topological spaces. The concept of a -space, which is a result of this investigation, is meaningful for commutative topological groups but we limit our consideration in this paper to linear topological spaces. On restricting ourselves to locally convex linear topological spaces, we see that the notion of a -space is an extension of the powerful idea of a B-complete space.

In this paper we first of all solve the dual series equations

where ƒ(ρ) and g(ρ) are prescribed functions,

is the Jacobi polynomial (2).

We consider non-zero polynomials f(x1, …, xk) in k variables x1, …, xk with coefficients in the finite field GF[q] (q = pn for some prime p and positive integer n). We assume that the polynomials have been normalised by selecting one polynomial from each equivalence class with respect to multiplication by non-zero elements of GF[q]. By the degree of a polynomial f(x1, …, xk) will be understood the ordered set (m1, …, mk), where mi is the degree of f(x1 ,…, xk) in x1(i = 1, 2, …, K). The degree (m,…, mk) of a polynomial will be called totally positive if mi>0, i = 1, 2, …, k.

Consider the Fredholm equation of the second kind

where

and Jv is the Bessel function of the first kind. Here ka(t) and h(x) are given, the unknown function is f(x), and the solution is required for large values of the real parameter a. Under reasonable conditions the solution of (1.1) is given by its Neumann series (a set of sufficient conditions on ka(t) for the convergence of this series is given in Section 4, Lemma 2). However, in many applications the convergence of the series becomes too slow as a→∞ for any useful results to be obtained from it, and it may even happen that f(x)→∞ as a→∞. It is the aim of the present investigation to consider this case, and to show how under fairly general conditions on ka(t) an approximate solution may be obtained for large a, the approximation being valid in the norm of L2(0, 1). The exact conditions on ka(t) and the main result are given in Section 4. Roughly, it is required that 1 -ka(at) should behave like tp(p>0) as t→0. For example, ka(at) might be exp ⌈-(t/ap)⌉.

Let R be a ring and I an infinite set. We denote by M(R) the ring of row finite matrices over I with entries in R. The set I will be omitted from the notation, as the same index set will be used throughout the paper. For convenience it will be assumed that the set of natural numbers is a subset of I.

It is well-known that a homomorphism ø(A→B) between groups A and B induces a homomorphism ø*(ZA→ZB) between the corresponding group rings ZA and ZB over the ring of integers Z. The identical congruence O on B and the unit element eB of B can be characterised by the equations x–y = 0 and x–eB = 0 (x,y ∈ B) respectively. Similarly the congruence Γø corresponding to ø and the corresponding normal subgroup of A are

and {x∈A1 = A,(x–eA)ø = 0} respectively.

Equations which may be regarded as extensions of the dual series equations discussed by Noble (1) and the present author (2) are the triple series equations of the first kind

and the triple series equations of the second kind

where f, f1, g, g1h and h1 are all known functions,

is the Jacobi polynomial (3).

Some years ago Lambe and Ward (1) and Erdélyi (2) obtained integral equations for Heun polynomials and Heun functions. The integral equations discussed by these authors were of the form

Further, as is well known, the Heun equation includes, among its special cases, Lamé's equation and Mathieu's equation and so (1.1) may be considered a generalisation of the integral equations satisfied by Lamé polynomials and Mathieu functions. However, integral equations of the type (1.1) are not the only ones satisfied by Lamé polynomials; Arscott (3) discussed a class of non- linear integral equations associated with these functions. This paper then is concerned with discussing the existence of non-linear integral equations satisfied by solutions of Heun's equation.

Let {pn} be a positive sequence. The Nörlund transformation (N, pn) maps the sequence {Sn} into the sequence {tn} by means of the equation

where

The object of this note is to generalize the notion of quasi-monotony for sequences of real numbers and to prove corresponding generalizations of certain known theorems. First, we recall the definition of quasi-monotony.

Let n be a positive integer. We give an elementary construction for the nth variation, Vn(f), of a real valued continuous function f and prove an analogue of the classical Jordan decomposition theorem. In fact, let C[0, 1] denote the real valued continuous functions on the closed unit interval, let An denote the semi-algebra of non-negative functions in C[0, 1] whose first n differences are non-negative, and let Sn denote the difference algebra An - An. We show that Sn is precisely that subset of C[0, 1] on which Vn(f)<∞. (Theorem 1).

Stirling numbers of the first and second kind play an important part in many branches of mathematics, in particular in combinatorial analysis and statistics. For their definition and properties we refer to (5) where a whole chapter is devoted to their study. Stirling numbers have been generalized in many ways. One generalization is given in (1). In this paper we generalize the results of (1) to n dimensions. In order to simplify the notation we use methods of linear algebra.

Circularly and transversely polarised (henceforth called circular and transverse) waves have been shown to occur as solutions of non-linear equations governing a wide range of physical phenomena, including finite elasticity (1), magnetohydrodynamics (2), and gyromagnetism (3), but only when the material properties of the medium are isotropic with respect to the direction of wave propagation. This paper is an attempt to unify and generalise these results.

Let ƒ(x) be a non-linear polynomial with rational integer coefficients, and for integral x let P(x) denote the greatest (positive) prime factor of ƒ(x). Pólya (1) has proved that if ƒ(x) is of degree 2 and has distinct roots then P(x)→∞ as x→∞. It is probably well-known that, provided ƒ(x) has distinct roots, this is true whatever the degree of ƒ(x). There does not appear to be a proof of this in the literature, but it is easily deducible from a result of Siegel (2). These results, however, are non-effective, although effective results have been obtained for a number of special polynomials. Chowla (3) has proved that, if ƒ(x) = x2 +1, then P(x)>C log log x, where C is an absolute positive constant. Analogous results have been proved for some polynomials of the form ax2+b and for some of the form ax3 + b by Mahler and Nagell respectively (4).

Bonsall and Tomiuk have shown, in (3), the connection between the local compactness of a monothetic semi-algebra and the spectral properties of a generating element. This theme was developed, in (4), to give a complete characterisation of prime, strict locally compact monothetic semi-algebras in terms of the spectrum of a generator (Theorem A). Here we extend this result to the case of a semi-simple locally compact monothetic semi-algebra (Theorem B).

In this note we ask two questions and answer one. The questions can be combined as follows:

Does there exist a polynomial of the form

which starts with prescribed complex coefficients c0, …, cr–1; and satisfies

These differ from the classical problems of Carathéodory in one essential respect: the values of p and its first r–1 derivatives are given at the point z = 1 on the circumference of the unit circle, while in the original problem they were given at z = 0. Carathéodory's own answer was in terms of his “moment curve”, but the forms studied a few years later by Toeplitz yield a more convenient statement of the solution.

Let

The asymptotic behaviours of ƒ(x) and g(x), as x→+0, were first given by G. H. Hardy in (4), (5). In his papers {an}; is a monotone decreasing sequence. Further results on the asymptotic behaviours of ƒ(x) and g(x), as x→+0, for monotone coefficients have been given in (9) and (1). Recently, the results have been generalized to quasi-monotone coefficients.

This paper is concerned with asymptotic behaviours of ƒ(x) and g(x) for δ-quasi-monotone coefficients.

In what follows, we shall denote by L(x) a slowly varying function in the sense of Karamata (6), i.e.

Over a field of characteristic p>0 the group algebra of a finite group has a unique maximal nilpotent ideal, the Jacobson radical of the algebra. The powers of the radical form a decreasing and ultimately vanishing series of ideals and it would be of interest to determine the least vanishing power. Apart from the work of Jennings (3) on p-groups little is known in general (cf. (5)) about this particular power of the radical (cf. Remarks of Brauer in (4), p. 144. Problem 15). In this paper we give non-trivial lower bounds for the index of the least vanishing power of the radical when the group is p-soluble. Of the lower bounds we give we show that that lower bound, which is dependent solely on the order of the group, is the best possible such bound and that this bound is invalid if the assumption of p-solubility is omitted.

In [1], R. L. Goodstein has extended some well-known theorems on functions and equations in a Boolean algebra to the case of a distributive lattice L with 0 and 1. The purpose of this paper is to prove that most of Goodstein's theorems, as well as some additional results, are still valid in the case when L is not required to have least and greatest elements.

We consider a subclass of the Dirichlet series studied by Chandrasekharan and Narasimhan in (1). Our objective is to generalize some identities due to Landau (3) concerning r2(n), the number of representations of the positive integer n as the sum of 2 squares. We shall also give a slight extension of Theorem III in (1).