The crystal structure of ziprasidone hydrochloride monohydrate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Ziprasidone hydrochloride monohydrate crystallizes in space group P-1 (#2) with a = 7.250 10(3), b = 10.986 66(8), c = 14.071 87(14) Å, α = 83.4310(4), β = 80.5931(6), γ = 87.1437(6)°, V = 1098.00(1) Å3, and Z = 2. The ziprasidone conformation in the solid state is very close to the minimum energy conformation. The positively-charged nitrogen in the ziprasidone makes a strong hydrogen bond with the chloride anion. The water molecule makes two weaker bonds to the chloride, and acts as an acceptor in an N–H⋯O hydrogen bond. The powder pattern is included in the Powder Diffraction File™ as entry 00-064-1492.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certifies a suite of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) to address specific aspects of the performance of X-ray powder diffraction instruments. This report describes SRM 1976b, the third generation of this powder diffraction SRM. SRM 1976b consists of a sintered alumina disc, approximately 25.6 mm in diameter by 2.2 mm in thickness, intended for use in the calibration of X-ray powder diffraction equipment with respect to line position and intensity as a function of 2θ-angle. The sintered form of the SRM eliminates the effect of sample loading procedures on intensity measurements. Certified data include the lattice parameters and relative peak intensity values from 13 lines in the 2θ region between 20° and 145° using CuKα radiation. A NIST-built diffractometer, incorporating many advanced and unique design features was used to make the certification measurements.

The crystal structure of fingolimod hydrochloride (C19H34ClNO2) has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Fingolimod hydrochloride crystallizes in space group P21/n (#14) with a = 7.137 53(5), b = 5.957 98(4), c = 49.5196(4) Å, β = 91.0808(7)°, V = 2105.46(2) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure consists of a “lipid bilayer” packing. The polar ends of the molecules make O–H···Cl and N–H···Cl hydrogen bonds to the chloride anion, and the octyl side chains pack adjacent to each other. The hydrogen bonds form three types of chains with graph sets C1,2(7), C1,2(7), and C1,2(8). The result is a complex chain of hydrogen bonds parallel to the b-axis. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in future releases of the Powder Diffraction File™.

The crystal structure of solifenacin hydrogen succinate [C23H27N2O2(HC4H4O4)] has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Solifenacin hydrogen succinate crystallizes in space group P21 (#4) with a = 6.477 03(2), b = 7.830 95(2), c = 23.848 72(7) Å, β = 90.2373(3)°, V = 1209.63(1) Å3, and Z = 2. The hydrogen succinate anions form a chain linked by strong hydrogen bonds parallel to the a-axis. Discrete N–H···O hydrogen bonds lie on the sides of this chain, resulting in a layer parallel to the ab-plane rich in hydrogen bonds. Halfway between these layers the molecules meet in a herringbone packing of aromatic rings. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in future releases of the Powder Diffraction File™.

The solid-state phase equilibria of the copper (Cu)–dysprosium (Dy)–titanium (Ti) ternary system at 973 K has been experimentally investigated. The existence of nine binary compounds, Cu4Ti, Cu3Ti2, Cu4Ti3, CuTi, CuTi2, CuTi3, CuDy, Cu2Dy, and Cu5Dy was confirmed. The controversial phase of CuTi3 was found in this work. The temperature range of Cu7Dy was determined to be from 1112 to 1183 K. The phase relations at 973 K are governed by ten ternary phase regions, 21 binary phase regions, and 12 single-phase regions. The solid solubility of Cu in Dy is undetectable. None of the other phase in this system reveals a remarkable homogeneity range at 973 K.

The crystal structure of lacosamide form I has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques (density functional theory). Lacosamide form I crystallizes in space group P21 (#4) with a = 10.677 73(5), b = 4.799 68(2), c = 13.639 16(9) Å, β = 91.6331(10)̊, V = 698.719(6) Å3, and Z = 2. Van der Waals interactions are important in the crystal structure. Two N–H···O hydrogen bonds form C1,1(4) chains along the b-axis. Several weaker C–H···O hydrogen bonds to the ketone oxygens also contribute to the packing energy. These C–H···O extend both along the b-axis and in the ac-plane, and help link the molecules in three dimensions. The powder pattern has been submitted to International Centre for Diffraction Data for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.

An interlaboratory study (ILS, round robin) was conducted to assess the accuracy and precision of the phase quantification of calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement. For that purpose, a mixture of hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate, two CaP phases commonly used in synthetic bone graft substitutes, was prepared and sent to 12 laboratories for XRD analysis. Results from 26 different instruments were received and evaluated statistically according to ASTM E691 – 13. The statistical analysis revealed that the reproducibility standard deviation of phase quantities was approximately two times greater than the repeatability standard deviation, which is obtained by repeating the analysis on a single instrument configuration multiple times. The 95% reproducibility limit for phase quantities was R = ±1.67 wt%. The study also demonstrated that several participants overinterpreted their data in an attempt to refine crystallite sizes of the minor phase.

The crystal structure of tramadol hydrochloride has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Tramadol hydrochloride crystallizes in space group Cc (#9) with a = 9.680 72(2), b = 19.191 27(4), c = 9.285 94(1) Å, β = 100.5923(1)°, V = 1695.795(5) Å3, and Z = 4. The solid-state conformation of the cation differs from the minimum-energy conformation of the tramadol cation in water, and from the conformation observed in the benzoic acid adduct of tramadol hydrochloride. N–H···Cl and O–H···Cl hydrogen bonds form a zigzag chain with graph set C1,2(8) along the c-axis. C–H···O hydrogen bonds also contribute to the crystal energy. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.

A technique to improve the stress measurement from a Debye–Scherrer ring (D–S ring) is reported. In a previous work, the authors reported a technique to calculate stress from the Fourier series of the normal strain of a D–S ring. That technique, similar to the cosα method that came before it, is inaccurate when the grain size of the specimen is relatively large. To cope with this problem, the authors propose using the oscillation of the X-ray incident angle. The present study demonstrates this technique to improve the stress measurement.

X-ray reference powder patterns and crystal structures have been determined for a series of titanium- and cobalt-containing layered alkaline-earth compounds with nominal formula (Bax Sr1−x )Ti6Co6O19 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8). Structural isomorphism of the title compounds with the hexagonal ferrite BaFe12O19 and magnetoplumbite (PbFe12O19), was confirmed. The (Bax Sr1−x )Ti6Co6O19 series crystallize in the space group of P63 /mmc (No. 194) and Z = 2. The lattice parameters range from a = 5.90729(6) Å, c = 23.2378(3) Å, and V = 702.27(2) Å3 for x = 0.2 to a = 5.914 93(9), c = 23.3391(5) Å, and V = 707.15(2) Å3 with x = 0.8. The structure consists of alternating spinel S-block and R-blocks. The tetrahedral sites within the spinel S-blocks are occupied with only Co2+, while Ti4+ is mainly located in the octahedral sites of the spinel S-blocks and in the face-sharing octahedral site of the R-blocks. A bipyramidal mixed Co/Ti site was confirmed in the R-block of the structure. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of this series of compounds have been submitted to be included in the Powder Diffraction File.

The crystal structure of the potassium salt of raltegravir has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Raltegravir potassium crystallizes in space group P21/c (#14) with a = 15.610 59(9), b = 8.148 19(3), c = 16.125 97(6) Å, β = 94.1848(5)°, V = 2045.72(1) Å3, and Z = 4. The most prominent feature of the crystal structure is the chains of edge-sharing 7-coordinate KO5N2 parallel to the b-axis. The crystal structure can be described as having K-containing layers in the bc-plane, with double layers of CH4F halfway between them. The raltegravir anion is not in the minimum-energy conformation, suggesting that coordination to the K and hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the solid-state structure. The powder pattern is included in the Powder Diffraction File™ as entry 00-064-1499.

The crystal structure of nilotinib has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Nilotinib crystallizes in space group P1 (#1) with a = 4.518 14(3), b = 10.638 01(5), c = 13.703 77(8) Å, α = 68.8607(4), β = 82.1486(5), γ = 84.1978(5)°, V = 607.62(1) Å3, and Z = 1. The most prominent feature of the structure is two strong hydrogen bonds. These form chains with a graph set C1,1(13); the chains run along [111]. Several weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds also contribute to the packing. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in future releases of the Powder Diffraction File™.

Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) data have been used to examine the structure of hypoxanthine, 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (C5H4N4O), a purine base that participates in numerous metabolic processes. XAS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy were used to determine that hypoxanthine was present in its keto form (both in solid state and dissolved in an organic solvent). Rigid body refinement was performed with the Rietveld software package GSAS yielding triclinic lattice parameters of a = 7.1179 (2) Å, b = 9.7830 (3) Å, c = 10.4009 (3) Å, α = 58.876 (1)°, β = 67.609 (1)°, and γ = 71.937 (2)° (C5H4N4O, Z = 4, space group P $\bar 1$ ).

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for DCT (C12H12Cl2N6O4S2 • C6H15N) are reported [a = 18.991(9) Å, b = 19.057(2) Å, c = 7.346(8) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, unit-cell volume V = 2659.05 Å3, Z = 4, and space-group P212121]. No detectable impurity was observed.

X-ray powder diffraction data for piperaquine, C29H32Cl2N6, are reported [a = 15.8865(1) Å, b = 12.5975(3) Å, c = 13.2647(3) Å, β = 91.2890(1)°, unit-cell volume V = 2654.02 Å3, Z = 4, and space group P21/n]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/n space group. No detectable impurities were observed.

X-ray powder diffraction data for 3,3-dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-piperidinone, C11H10Cl2N2O3, are reported [a = 11.088(4) Å, b = 11.594(5) Å, c = 12.689(3) Å, α = 118.456(1)°, β = 100.320(3)°, γ = 107.763(3)°, V = 1259.27 Å3, Z = 4 and space group P-1 ]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P-1 space group. No detectable impurities were observed.

Single crystals of Ca0.9Nd0.1Ti0.9Al0.1O3 (CNTAO) were grown using optical floating zone technique and the grown crystals were characterized by Laue diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction techniques for crystal quality and its composition, respectively. The powder pattern of CNTAO was indexed and refined using GSAS program to an orthorhombic structure with space group Pbnm (#62), a = 5.3832(1), b = 5.4343(1), c = 7.6389(2) Å, V = 223.4677 Å3′, and Z = 4.