The 196 species of Odonata known to occur in Canada are divided into two suborders: Zygoptera (52 species) and Anisoptera (144 species). None of these exclusively occupies marshes or fens. One zygopteran (Nehalennia gracilis Morse) is restricted to bogs whereas Coenagrion interrogatum (Hagen) predominantly occupies mossy bogs or fens. The following anisopterans solely, or predominantly, occupy bogs (with some occasionally in Carex marshes and (or) fens): Gomphaeschna furcillata (Say), Aeshna septentrionalis Burmeister, A. sitchensis Hagen, A. subarctica Walker, Williamsonia fletcheri Williamson, Somatochlora brevicincta Robert, S. franklini (Selys), S. incurvata Walker, S. sahlbergi Trybom, S. septentrionalis (Hagen), S. whitehousei Walker, Nannothemis bella (Uhler), and Leucorrhinia patricia Walker. Most of this information is based upon collections of adults, but studies of larvae are needed to determine the adaptations necessary for life in bog, fen, or marsh habitats.

Two isolates of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, GHA and BF, were evaluated in Cape Verde in 1991 and 1992 for infectivity to the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss), and the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire). Evaluations included laboratory bioassays and small-scale field trials. Laboratory bioassays evaluated five different formulations. Four of the formulations tested showed strong dose–response patterns and significantly higher mortality than the untreated control or carriers minus spores. All four formulations achieved high mortality levels when applied at economically feasible dose rates. The GHA and BF isolates, formulated in an oil carrier with an emulsifier, were equally infectious to migratory locust nymphs. Six different formulations of GHA were evaluated in field trials. Field trials evaluated both direct effects (treatment of field plots infested with O. senegalensis) and indirect effects (treatment of plots without grasshoppers, after which grasshoppers were introduced). In both cases, all six formulations showed good biocontrol potential. Grasshoppers exposed to treated plots up to 72 h after application exhibited comparatively high mortality levels, indicating that large numbers of spores remained viable in the field for at least 3 days. This was confirmed by analysis of the viability of conidia from vegetation samples obtained in the field following treatment. In open-plot, small-scale field trials, two different formulations (oil and clay-based) of GHA resulted in high rates of infection and approximately 45% reductions in grasshopper densities in the treated plots 7 days after application, even though density-reduction results were "diluted" by grasshopper migration into and out of the test plots. Results of the Cape Verde evaluations demonstrate that biopesticides developed from B. bassiana represent a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for grasshopper and locust control.

A review of the New World Aenigmatiinae shows that only one of the five Neotropical Region genera currently classified in this subfamily, Cyrtophorina, could belong in a monophyletic group with the type genus Aenigmatias. The first known male specimens of Borgmeieriphora, Colyeria, and Melittophora are described. Based on the structure of the males, these three genera, referred to as the Melittophora-group of genera, belong in the subfamily Metopininae, and are related to the Apocephalus-group of genera. Three new species of Borgmeieriphora are described: B. multisetosa from Costa Rica; B. greigae from Costa Rica; and B. leptotarsa from Panama. Based on observations of two species, adults of Borgmeieriphora are associated with, and may be parasitoids of, army ants of the genus Eciton. Cootiphora gen.nov., represented by the type species C. angustata sp.nov. from Ecuador, is described and is placed in the Melittophora-group. A reconstructed phylogeny of the Melittophora-group of genera is given, showing their hypothesized relationships: Colyeria is the adelphotaxon (= sister-group) of Borgmeieriphora, whereas the relationships among Melittophora, Cootiphora, and Colyeria + Borgmeieriphora are unresolved. Within Borgmeieriphora, B. multisetosa and B. greigae are adelphotaxa, whereas B. kempfi is the adelphotaxon of B. multisetosa + B. greigae, and B. leptotarsa is the adelphotaxon of all other species. The relationships of Platydipteron, another potential member of the Melittophora-group, are unknown. Examination of males of representative aenigmatiine genera from other zoogeographic regions shows that they may belong in a monophyletic group with Aenigmatias. Convergence between true aenigmatiine genera and Melittophora-group genera is based on the shared, limuloid body form, which is probably a defensive adaptation for living in social insect nests.

The majority of the species of the New World litter-inhabiting eyeless weevils belong to groups possessing uncinate tibiae: Molytinae, Cryptorhynchinae, and Cossoninae. The remaining species are Raymondionymini (Erirhininae) and are not included in this work.Eight genera and 40 species with uncinate tibiae are diagnosed and keyed. Caecossonus Gilbert (four species) is revised and the following new species are described: C. continuus (Mexico); C. sylvaticus (Belize). Decuanellus Osella (10 species) is revised and the following new species are described: D. bahamensis (Bahama Islands); D. brevicrus (Virgin Islands); D. iviei (Virgin Islands); D. longirostris (Puerto Rico); D. muchmorei (Virgin Islands). The new genus Kuschelaxius is proposed and the type species K. tomentosus (Puerto Rico) is described from Puerto Rico. The new species K. discifer is described from Hispaniola. No new species are described in the remaining genera: Howdeniola Osella (two species, Colombia); Lymantes Schoenherr (five species, central United States, El Salvador); Neotorneuma Hustache (one species, Chile); Pseudoalaocybites Osella (15 species, Cuba, Jamaica, Colombia, and Venezuela); Pseudocaecocossonus Osella (one species, Cuba). There are many undescribed species in Lymantes and Pseudoalaocybites, and problems precluding much-needed revisions of these genera are detailed.New combinations and a new synonymy are as follows: Bordoniola Osella is transferred to Raymondionymini; Howdeniola is transferred to Cossoninae; Caecossonus negreai Osella is transferred to Pseudoalaocybites (Pseudoalaocybites); Pseudoalaocybites (Pseudoalaocybites) venezuelanus Osella is transferred to P. (Croizatius); Pseudoalaocybites (Croizatius) montanus Osella is a junior synonym of P. (C.) latithorax Osella.Both the geological history of the Caribbean and dispersal by overwater rafting influenced the present distribution patterns of Caecossonus and Decuanellus.

The reproductive compatibility between diapausing (DP) and nondiapausing (C) strains of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (M.), was determined by crossing experiments. Mating between the two strains was unrestricted, but copulation between C females and DP males was often broken off prematurely, whereas copulation in the reciprocal cross was of normal duration. Diapausing males showed a strong preference for guarding quiescent female deutonymphs of their strain prior to copulation, whereas C males did not. However, males of either strain showed no preference between adult females, resulting in only a partial, one-sided premating isolation between strains. No adult females were produced in the progeny from either interstrain cross, showing reproductive incompatibility is complete. Hatchability of the eggs from the cross between DP females and C males was significantly lower than that from the cross between C females and DP males, or from the intrastrain crosses, suggesting that even though some of the eggs in the former cross were fertilized, they died during embryonic stages. This possibility was supported by the observation that, for DP females mated with a C male, the second intrastrain mating was almost totally ineffective. Also, for C females mated with a DP male, a second intrastrain mating was often ineffective, but to a lesser extent than for DP females. When the two strains coexisted, effective mating was severely curtailed for both strains. The results explained the low proportion of females from overwintered DP eggs in a pear orchard in which the two strains coexisted the previous autumn.

Illustrated keys and descriptions of 26 genera and 137 species or subspecies of Elateridae of southern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba are presented. The distribution of each species is described in relation to the bio-ecological regions in the three Provinces. No new species are described.

Distributional, life-history, and ecological data on the water mite fauna of peatlands and marshes in Canada are reviewed and summarized. Just over 100 species representing 24 genera and 13 families are treated. The fauna comprises both residents of permanent water, often opportunistic generalists, and inhabitants of temporary water, typically highly specialized. A total of 35 species is reported from peatland habitats, including 30 from bogs and 17 from fens (12 are represented in both of these habitats), and 41 species from marshes. Inadequacies in the current data are identified, specifically incomplete zoogeographic data, uncertainty of species identifications, and poor definition of wetland habitats. Future projects are proposed to encourage research designed to improve knowledge of water mites in these habitats.

The genus "Paraphlepsius" of authors is divided into two genera, Paraphlepsius Baker and Pendarus Ball which also encompass the nearctic species of "Phlepsius" of authors.Pendarus is divided into two subgenera: Pendarus sensu stricto with nine species, and Remadosus Ball with five species. P. likrois n. sp., P. crucifix n. sp., and the female of P. cirrus (DeLong) are described.Paraphlepsius is divided into five subgenera: Strephonius n. subgen. with nine species, Sabix n. subgen. with five species, Gamarex n. subgen. with 32 species, Paraphlepsius sensu stricto with 11 species, and Paraphysius n. subgen. containing 11 species. Nine new species and one new subspecies are described: P. delongi, P. exilis, P. geneticus, P. lupalus, P. luxuria, P. quadratus, P. superior, P. umbellatus, P. zanclois, and P. brunneus ravus. The male of P. maculosus (Osborn) and the females of P. cinereus (Van D.), P. divergens (Oman), and P. supinus (DeLong) are described.The following new synonymies are made: lippulus Ball = auroalbus Walker; slossonae Ball and tullahomi DeLong = stipatus Walker; fastuosus Ball = punctiscriptus Van Duzee; fulviceps Osborn & Lathrop = uhleri Van Duzee; dampfi DeLong = obvius Oman; optatus Crumb = strobi Fitch; bipartitus DeLong = carolinus Lathrop. The following species are removed from synonymy: franconianus Ball, micronotatus Osborn & Lathrop, nebulosus Van Duzee, and uhleri Van Duzee.All available types were examined, and lectotypes are designated for bifidus Sanders & DeLong, electus DeLong, hemicolor Sanders & DeLong, lobatus Osborn, palustris Sanders & DeLong, particolor Sanders & DeLong, planus Sanders & DeLong, stipatus Walker, strobi Fitch, tennessus DeLong, and umbrosus Sanders & DeLong. Neotypes are designated for apertinus Osborn & Lathrop, carolinus Lathrop, and torridus Lathrop.Previously undescribed characters of the female internal genitalia are described and illustrated. All species are described, keyed, and illustrated for both sexes where these are known.

Maternal influences on an insect population must be assessed within a numerically and spatially restricted enclave; it is difficult to demonstrate the impact within a large polymorphic group whose qualitative and quantitative evolution is subject to a number of conflicting influences. When a variety of selective factors is involved, the problem is to isolate, from the polymorphism, the portion that can be attributed to maternal effects.In short-lived organisms such as insects, direct maternal effects on the progeny have an advantage over slower, indirect responses to selective pressures. Direct effects allow progeny to adapt sooner to ecological trends that began or were operating during the parental generation. The peculiarities of insect embryonic development allow maternal influences to act directly on the F1 adults through their deferred effects on the imaginal discs. Species that deposit organized egg masses provide the best material for studying maternal effects.Behaviour at oviposition can lead to special types of progeny distributions that affect the offspring's survival. In parasitoids, for example, maternal behaviour can introduce a kind of "arena selection" generating superparasitism by aggregative oviposition.The next generation's ecological response that is produced by maternal effects is mediated by changes at the behavioural, metabolic and ovarian levels during the mother's reproductive activity. In this way, she provides a key part of the next generation's functional polymorphism.

Ce mémoire est le deuxième d'une série consacrée à la faune des Trichoptères du Canada et des Etats adjacents. Il traite de la famille des Rhyacophilides qui, chez nous, n'est représentée que par le genre Rhyacophila. Les deux sexes de toutes nos espèces indigènes sont décrits et figurés. Des tables dichotomiques adéquates permettront la détermination. Des cartes montrent les répartitions géographiques. Les caractères écologiques des espèces sont mentionnés, chaque fois que cela s'est révélé possible.

The Saltusaphidinae, or sedge aphids, as here understood consists of the following 49 species: Allaphis daviaulti (Quednau), Allaphis thripsoides (Hille Ris Lambers), Allaphis utahensis (Knowlton and Hall), Allaphis verrucosa (Gillette), Iziphya albipes Richards, Iziphya americana (Baker), Iziphya austriaca BÖrner, Iziphya brevipes Richards, Iziphya bufo (Walker), Iziphya flabella (Sanborn), Iziphya fungifera (Ossiannilsson), Iziphya grandipes Richards, Iziphya ingegardae Hille Ris Lambers, Iziphya leegei (BÖrner), Iziphya maculata Nevsky, Iziphya meridionalis (Hille Ris Lambers and v. d. Bosch), Iziphya nigriceps Richards, Iziphya oettingenii Quednau, Iziphya punctatella Richards, Iziphya spenceri Richards, Iziphya umbella Richards, Iziphya variabilis Quednau, Iziphya vittata Richards, Saltusaphis iberica (BÖrner), Saltusaphis scirpa Theobald, Sminthuraphis ulrichi Quednau, Stenaphis bodenheimeri (Hille Ris Lambers), Stenaphis elongata (Baker), Subsaltusaphis aquatalis (Ossiannilsson), Subsaltusaphis canadensis new species, Subsaltusaphis flava (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis intermedia (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis lambersi (Quednau), Subsaltusaphis maritima (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis ornata (Theobald), Subsaltusaphis pallida (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis paniceae (Quednau), Subsaltusaphis picta (Hille Ris Lambers), Subsaltusaphis rossneri (BÖrner), Subsaltusaphis virginica (Baker), Subsaltusaphis wanica (Hottes and Frison), Thripsaphis ballii (Gillette), Thripsaphis brevicornis Ossiannilsson, Thripsaphis caespitosae Ossiannilsson, Thripsaphis gelrica Hille Ris Lambers, Thripsaphis longisetis new species, Trichocallis cyperi (Walker), Trichocallis ossiannilssoni (Hille Ris Lambers), and Peltaphis hottesi Frison and Ross. Keys to genera and species and notes on the distribution of each species are given. Except for Iziphya leegei, which feeds on Juncus spp., all of the species breed on the Cyperaceae. A host index has been compiled from the material studied and the literature cited.

A review of the literature on biting flies of Canadian peatlands and marshes reveals that 21 species of Culicidae, 43 species of Tabanidae, and 6 species of Ceratopogonidae are known to occur in such habitats. Of these 70 species of biting flies, 45 occur in bogs, 22 in fens, and 36 in marshes. Although the species composition of wetland culicids is largely known, immatures of many species of the tabanids and ceratopogonids have yet to be collected and/or described. Almost nothing is known about the biology of the immature stages in wetland habitats. Most species known to inhabit wetlands have been recorded from both peatlands and marshes, but there are representatives of all families that appear to be restricted to a particular type of wetland. Compounding this paucity of information on the biting flies of Canadian wetlands is the inconsistency and lack of specificity in describing wetland habitats.

Peatland development in Canada is influenced by climatic conditions, specifically a north–south temperature and an east–west precipitation gradient, resulting in specific and characteristic kinds of wetlands. The wetland classes (bogs, fens, marshes) are broad ecological units, each composed of distinctive groups of vegetation growing in appropriate habitats. Bogs usually develop in nutrient-poor areas where there is little movement of groundwater, whereas fens occur in more mineral-rich environments having a slowly moving water table. Marshes develop in areas that are periodically inundated by oxygen-rich water. Included within the peatlands are water environments ranging from small puddles to pools, each with a water quality that is influenced by the surrounding peatland.