In experiments on four species of barnacles and four species of top-shells, the barnacles were found to be more resistant to high or low temperatures than the top-shells. Among each group of animals the degree of tolerance was related to the geographical distribution of the species and their zonation on the shore. Thus most tolerance of high temperature was shown by species of southern distribution, especially by those occurring at the upper limit of the midlittoral zone, and most tolerance of low temperature by species of northern distribution. Least tolerance of high and low temperatures was shown by species found only in the infralittoral fringe or below low water.

Field measurements of the body temperatures of barnacles and limpets while exposed to the air were made with thermocouples. Under many weather conditions the body temperatures were higher than would be expected from local meteorological values of air temperature. This difference was due to retention of sea temperature by the animals and the rocks and to the heating effects of sunlight.

The results of the laboratory experiments and of the field measurements are discussed together in relation to weather and geographical distribution. It is clear that the temperatures experienced on the shore are well within the tolerance limits of most of the animals, and even exceptional extremes of temperature may have little direct influence on the distribution of adult intertidal animals. Evidence for a causal relation between temperature and distribution must be sought in non-lethal terms such as debilitating effects, or indirectly through competition between species, or in combination with other factors.

An investigation of the adhesive mechanisms in all nine species of the genus Diclidophora has shown that there is a common structure consisting of a pair of hinged jaws operated by intrinsic muscles and also by a more powerful extrinsic muscle which acts on a diaphragm to produce a suction pressure that is converted into a clamping action. This investigation has revealed errors in Cerfontaine's and other descriptions of the anatomy of Diclidophora adhesive organs, but substantiates Cerfontaine account of the adhesive mechanism, and therefore disagrees completely with the more recent account given by Sproston.

In the course of dredging for the rich epifauna of the continental slope near 48° 30′N., 10° W. (Southward & Southward, 1958b) in May 1957, several hauls were made by chance on a muddy bottom at 500–700 fin. depth. At the time, these hauls were examined only cursorily after sieving, and the con-tents immediately preserved. One of the hauls contained several damaged siliceous sponges, and a recent careful examination disclosed a number of pogonophore tubes entangled among the threads and spicules of the sponges.

During 1951 Evadne nordmanni was present in the Clyde plankton from late February to the end of October and was most abundant during May and early June. The bulk of the population was always found in the top 30 m. Reproduction is mainly parthenogenetic; sexual individuals first appeared in May and sexual reproduction was most intense during October.

The relation between maternal size and stage of embryonic development is described. Sexual females showing the formation of a resting egg are large and have previously produced at least one brood by parthenogenesis.

Of the females with embryos at an early stage of development the primiparae have smaller broods than larger and older individuals. During the development of embryos some may be resorbed and in the primiparae this results in a decrease of embryo number with increase of size. Larger individuals tend to produce larger broods of young.

There was a considerable decrease of size from June to July and a partial recovery in August. These fluctuations follow similar fluctuations in embryo production.

The reproductive capacity of the parthenogenetic females and the intensity of sexual reproduction did not show any clear relationship, though there are indications that the latter is favoured by moderate rather than severe depression.

Food organisms are captured only during the hours of daylight. Evadne appears to be a selective feeder the diet of which consists mainly of tintinnids and peridinians.

Several aspects of the biology of the species are discussed with reference to the findings on the food and feeding habits.

In a recent paper (Russell, 1956) I described a new medusa Amphinema krampi from a single specimen. I have now found three more specimens in collections made with a 2 m stramin ring trawl by R.V.Sarsia. Two of these were caught on 13 June 1956 at 48° 29' N., 9° 05' W. with 450 fathoms of wire out; one was a female 7 mm high and the other a male about 5 or 6 mm in height. The third specimen, a male 6·5 mm high, was taken on 4 July 1956 at 47' N., 5° 47' W. with 880 fathoms of wire out. Of the three specimens the female being the best preserved was kept intact; the two males were used for sectioning.

It is now possible to add to my previous description of the species. As in the specimen already described, the umbrellas are crumpled and have their margins turned inwards. In the female, however, it is certain that there is a small apical projection. The radial canals leave the stomach below the lower limits of the gonads so that there are fairly long 'mesenteries'. The marginal tentaculae are six in number in each specimen, two perradial and four interradial. It is possible therefore that the eight which I recorded in my first specimen may have been an abtext-abstract number. The interradial female gonads are irregularly folded and much corrugated. All specimens have exactly the same coloration as that given in my previous description. A drawing of the female medusa is given in Fig.

The results of analysis of sea water from the International Hydrographic Station E1 during 1956 are presented in graphical form and as integral mean values for the water column of 70 m. The seasonal variation is shown; it appears that consumption of phosphate in the spring outburst of plants was 0·34 μg atom P/l., and that of silicate 2·78 μg atom Si/1. The spring outburst was followed more closely than usual in the period 26 March to 24 April during 4 weeks of rather bright weather. Nearly all the silicate in the water was taken up, and some phosphate left, and it seems that the rapidly growing diatoms, which predominated at the time, were deficient in silicon. It is suggested that in the deep water they continued to absorb silicate, although not receiving enough light for growth and division.

The fauna of the continental shelf and slope between Ireland and Spain has been described by Le Danois (1948), but very little faunistic work has been carried out in the area recently. Since R.V. ‘Sarsia’ was brought into service at Plymouth there have been several opportunities of investigating that part of the slope lying to the south-west of the British Isles. It has been found that, in addition to beds of coral, quite extensive exposures of rocks, stones and gravel occur between 200 and 1000 fathoms. There is a rich epifauna in this area and barnacles are one of the dominant groups.

In previous papers (Millar, 1952; 1954a; 1954*0 I have dealt with the re-productive cycle of several ascidians in Scottish waters, and in the present account observations are extended to other species.

The course of breeding was studied in the following species. Family Polyclinidae:Sidnyum turbinatum Savigny, Aplidium nordmanni (Milne Edwards), A.punctum (Giard), A.pallidum (Verrill) and Polyclinum aurantium Milne Edwards. Family Didemnidae:Didemnum candidum Savigny and Lissoclinum argyllense Millar. Family Clavelinidae: Clavelina lepadiformis (Müller).

Experiments have been carried out with 203Hg-labelled n-amylmercuric chloride (n-C5H11HgCl) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) to study the modes of action of these compounds as poisons to some crustaceans.

Differences between the susceptibilities of Artemia salina and Elminius modestus to the poisons do not reflect differences between the quantities of these compounds which the animals can tolerate in their tissues, but are directly related to the rates at which the poisons are accumulated. Thus, experiments with either species have shown that Hg is taken up at approximately the same rate from equitoxic solutions of the two poisons; and the rates at which Hg is accumulated by the two species from equitoxic solutions of either poison are of the same order.

Experiments with reduced glutathione have given results consistent with the view that most of the Hg taken up by either species penetrates into the tissues of the test animals and does not act simply by becoming attached to their surfaces.

Direct evidence of the penetration of Hg compounds into a crustacean has been obtained from experiments with Leander serratus. Considerable amounts of Hg have been detected in the antennary glands.

In the coxal region of Eupagurus bernardus the following receptor organs have been found: (1) a muscular receptor spanning the thoracico-coxal articulation, its innervation, in which several neurons take part, being arranged on a similar pattern as in Carcinus; (2) two innervated elastic strands running along the bundles of mm. levator and depressor basipoditis respectively and inserting into the tendons of these muscles; (3) a coxo-basipodite receptor consisting of connective tissue strand with numerous bipolar nerve cells ending on it. With the exception of the coxo-basipodite receptor, all sensory neurons of these organs have their cell bodies located in the central nervous system.

It is suggested that these receptors convey impulses elicited by the movements of the legs and some hypotheses concerning the role of each of them are put forward.

An important fishery for the scallop, Pecten maximus (L.), is carried on during the winter months round the Isle of Man. A knowledge of the breeding of this lamellibranch would be useful should legislation become necessary with regard to the fishery.

Regular samples of scallops were dredged, whenever possible, at roughly weekly or fortnightly intervals throughout the period October 1950-October 1952, from a depth of 13–16 fm. off Bradda Head and Bay Fine, near Port Erin. Approximately 8000 scallops of all ages up to 13 years were examined, though very few young ones were caught. Scallops were aged by means of the growth-rings on the shell, of which one is laid down each spring (Mason, 1957).

A planktonic marine diatom, Asterionella japonica, has been grown in unialgal, but not bacteria-free, culture under controlled conditions and its growth has been measured by means of optical density determinations and cell counts in combination.

The relative growth constant has been found to be usually between 0·7 and 1·2 loge units per day, and to be little affected by variation of the concentration of nitrate, phosphate and silicate within wide limits. Rapid growth occurred in waters having salinities between 20 and 40‰ S. The optimum temperature for growth was 20–25° C and the optimum light intensity from 4000 to 10,000 lux. The relative growth rate was affected most markedly by variation in hydrogen-ion concentration. This was manifest in stagnant cultures in which the rise of pH above 8·3, caused by absorption of carbon dioxide, resulted in the inhibition of growth. This could be countered by increased aeration or by the addition of the buffer tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

Evidence has been obtained which suggests that A. japonica requires a thermostable substance present in natural sea water and that a thermolabile substance stimulating its growth is produced in culture.

Final yields of the order of 4000 cells per mm3 were obtained and, within limits, were dependent on the amounts of nitrate and silicate supplied. The nitrogen requirements per cell was determined as 0·255 μμg atom. Indications were obtained of the presence of a growth-inhibiting substance in the filtrates from old cultures.

The optical density of the cells was increased at high nitrate concentrations and when exhaustion of silicate prevented cell division.

Cochlodesma praetenue is well adapted for a sedentary life in sheltered conditions in soft substrata at low-water mark to a depth of 60 fathoms.

The habits, morphology and ciliary feeding and cleansing mechanisms are described and compared with those of members of the related families Thraciidae, Pandoridae and Lyonsiidae.

The complex ligament is described. The mantle edges are extensively fused. The detailed structure of the siphons is described and related to their function of laying down mucus-lined inhalant and exhalant tubes.

The morphology and ciliary currents of the stomach show modifications similar to those previously described for Pandora. These modifications involve the extent of the major typhlosole and the replacement of an intestinal groove by lateral rejection grooves.

Analysis of three large samples shows that Cochlodesma from the Northumberland coast live for a maximum of 5 years. These animals become mature in their third year, spawning in early November.

Preliminary experiments had suggested that the extent of the development of the bacterial flora which develops when sea water is confined in small vessels is an important factor in the laboratory culture of oyster larvae. In the experiments reported in this paper the growth and settlement of oyster larvae was compared in controls of normal sea water with those in which the bacterial flora was controlled with antibiotics.

A concentration of 50 i.u. of the sodium salt of penicillin G per ml. suppressed bacterial growth for at least 2 days and, in a series of experiments using fifteen different broods of larvae, significantly (P>0·001) more spat were obtained in those to which penicillin had been added than in the controls.

A mixture of 50 units of penicillin G and 0·05 mg streptomycin sulphate was tried in three series of experiments. This completely suppressed the development of bacteria for at least nine days. In all three series many more spat were obtained than in the controls, but in only one series was there more spat than in the comparable penicillin experiment. It is suggested that when the bacterial population is very vigorous, or perhaps when certain species are present, this mixture will be more useful than penicillin alone. Experiments with other concentrations of penicillin, and with streptomycin and chloromycetin alone were not successful.

Eudactylina rachelae n.sp. is described and figured. This copepod was found among the gill filaments of Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte caught off Plymouth in July 1957.

The vitamin B12 concentration in sea water is so very low that only the most sensitive microbiological assay techniques are likely to be capable of measuring it, but the salt concentration is so high as to be inhibitory to most of the organisms conventionally used for the microbiological assay of the vitamin. Nevertheless, the consideration that vitamin B12 concentration may have an influence on the amounts and types of life present in sea areas has persuaded several investigators to attempt its measurement.

The methods so far employed have each their own advantages and dis-advantages (Droop, 1954, 1955; Lewin, 1954; Sweeney, 1954; Cowey, 1956; Adair & Vishniac, 1958). The method to be described here offers advantages in sensitivity, permitting direct measurement of the vitamin in small quantities of oceanic waters after further dilution; samples to be measured pass through comparatively few different containers and thus there is less risk of their accumulating adventitious vitamin; simple and easily cleaned apparatus is used, and much less bench-work is involved than when methods other than dilution are used for lowering the salt concentration.

A considerable seasonal variation in the vitamin B12 concentration in oceanic surface water has been demonstrated by Cowey (1956).

The present investigation was undertaken to examine any variation with depth.

Data are presented on the growth rate of Verruca stroemia under natural conditions and when exposed continuously and cleaned repeatedly. Several series exposed at different times of the year were followed.

Rapid growth takes place (under raft conditions) following settlement; the maximum size is virtually reached in one season's growth between spring and early winter. There is little growth in midwinter.

Differences between the mean specific growth rates of the various series can be ascribed to differences in the availability of food.

The question is discussed as to whether there is any seasonal rhythm; the evidence indicates that no marked rhythmic pattern of growth exists.

Observations on deep-water populations would be of value for comparison and to unmask any relatively weak rhythmic growth.

The mean specific growth rates at half their maximum size are compared for several species—Balanus balanoides, B. crenatus, B. balanus, Chthamalus stellatus and Verruca stroemia; it is similar for all species except Chthamalus stellatus. The high level barnacle may require stimulation such as is provided by wave action to elicit full metabolic activity.

An account is given of some features of the organization of the endostyle of Amphioxus, with particular reference to the distribution of sites of mucus secretion as indicated by positive responses to tests for acid mucopolysaccharides. Autoradiography shows that the centre of distribution of organically-bound iodine is associated with the tips of the mucus-secreting cells of zone 5, and not with the glandular tracts. Mucus secretion also occurs elsewhere in the endostyle (although not in the dorsal glandular tracts), but as it is not associated with any accumulation of bound iodine it is concluded that the binding in zone 5 is a specialized property of the cells of that particular zone. The results are discussed in the light of recent work on the protochordates and the ammocoete larva, and it is concluded that in Amphioxus, as in the Tunicata, there is reason for supposing that the iodination process is a biochemical specialization and that its product must therefore be of some physiological significance to the organism. Attention is also drawn to the evolutionary interest of the association of iodine-binding with a mucin rather than with a glycoprotein.

In recent years much information has accumulated on the composition and distribution of algal populations in the Isle of Man, with increased knowledge of their ecological relationships (Knight & Parke, 1931, 1950; Jones, 1948; Lodge, 1948,1954; Burrows & Lodge, 1949, 1951; Southward, 1953). This, however, has mostly come from studies made in the intertidal region, and even here many problems remain for which, at present, no satisfactory explanation can be found. The mostdimcult of these, perhaps, relates to the appearance of algal species for a limited period of the year only: it is not known where and in what form their life-histories are continued for the rest of the year. The littoral and sublittoral regions are known to have many species in common. This means that the differences between the regions, as environments for the growth of algae, can be bridged by the plasticity of the species concerned. It seemed likely, therefore, that a detailed study of the sublittoral algal populations might help towards an understanding of the ecology of both regions and also of the interactions between them.