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The Sino-Soviet Ideological Struggle in Latin America*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

William R. Garner
William R. Garner*
Affiliation:
Department of Government, Southern Illinois University
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Extract

While it is true that the Chinese Communists are making a late entry into Latin America, the degree of appeal of the Peking position is indicative of two significant trends within the hemispheric Marxist movement. First, the original orthodox Communist parties have not been as aggregative as they should have been to keep up with the growth of groups committed to radical change. Second, the Chinese have provided an important facade for a Marxist approach to revolution that is fresher and less tarnished than has been provided by the older party organizations.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Inter-American Studies , Volume 10 , Issue 2 , April 1968 , pp. 244 - 255
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1968

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Footnotes

*

This paper is based on a presentation delivered by the author to the Southwestern American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies at Dallas, Texas, on March 24, 1967.

References

1 Cf. Robert J. Alexander, “Latin American and the Communist Bloc,” Current History, XLIV, No. 258 (February, 1963), 73-77.

2 “Communist Alignment in the Sino-Soviet Dispute,” Communist Affairs, II, No. 3 (May-June, 1964), 20-21. For recent materials on the countries in which separatist parties exist, see the following: Argentina: Peking Review, Sept. 9, 1966, p. 16; October 7, 1966, p. 36. Bolivia: World Marxist Review, July, 1965, pp. 70-72; August, 1965, pp. 22-23; Peking Review, Oct. 28, 1966, pp. 27-28. Brazil: World Marxist Review, August, 1966, pp. 44-47; Peking Review, May 28, 1965, pp. 20-22, 26-28; Aug. 16, 1966, pp. 26-27; Oct. 28, 1966, pp. 25-26; Dec. 9, 1966, pp. 16, 19-21; Dec. 16, 1966, pp. 27-32; Feb. 17, 1967, p. 28. Cf. Kevin Delvin, “Schism and Secession,” Soviet Survey, No. 54 (June, 1965), pp. 32-34. Chile: World Marxist Review, July, 1964, p. 47; Peking Review, May 1, 1964, pp. 26-28; Aug. 5, 1966, p. 27; Aug. 16, 1966, p. 26; Aug. 26, 1966 pp. 24-26; Sept. 9, 1966, p. 16; Sept. 30, 1966, pp. 23-24; Oct. 28, 1966, p. 26. Colombia: World Marxist Review, August, 1965, pp. 7-8; Peking Review, May 15, 1964, p. 24; March 11, 1966, p. 28; Aug. 16, 1966, p. 27; Sept. 9, 1966, p. 16; Feb. 16, 1967, p. 28. Mexico: Peking Review, Sept. 9, 1966, p. 16; Oct. 7, 1966, p. 36. Paraguay: World Marxist Review, January, 1966, pp. 74-75; Delvin, op. cit., p. 31. Peru: World Marxist Review, May, 1964, pp. 11-18; Peking Review, Feb. 14, 1964, pp. 22-23; May 22, 1964, pp. 17-20; Oct. 16, 1964, pp. 16-17; July 16, 1965, p. 18; Dec. 17, 1965, pp. 22-23; Jan. 2, 1966, pp. 20-22; Feb. 18, 1966, pp. 30-31; March 18, 1966, pp. 20-24, 27; April 15, 1966, p. 20; Sept. 23, 1966, pp. 20-21. Uruguay: Peking Review, Sept. 30, 1966, pp. 25-27. Venezuela: World Marxist Review, October, 1964, pp. 20-27; Peking Review, June 12, 1964, p. 26; Sept. 4, 1964, pp. 28-29; April 9, 1965, p. 28.

3 Ernst Halperin, “Latin America,” Survey, No. 54 (January, 1965), p. 161.

4 Cattell, David T., “Soviet Policies in Latin America,” Current History, XLVII, No. 279 (November, 1964), 287ffGoogle Scholar.

5 Poppino, Rollie, International Communism in Latin America: A History of the Movement, 1917-1963 (London: The Free Press of Glencoe, Collier Macmillan, Ltd., 1964), pp. 33-34 Google Scholar.

6 Boris Goldenberg, “Latin America: Castro's Course,” Survey, XLII (June, 1962), 162-63; Poppino, op. cit., pp. 101-03.

7 Goldenberg, op. cit., p. 164.

8 Joseph J. Lee, “Communist China's Latin American Policy,” Asian Survey, IV, No. 11 (November, 1964), 1133-34.

9 Poppino, International Communism in Latin America, pp. 178-79, 184-89.

10 Goldenberg, , “Latin America: Castro's Course,” pp. 165-66. See also Theodore Draper, Castroism: Theory and Practice (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965)Google Scholar.

11 Cattell, “Soviet Policies in Latin America,” p. 288.

12 A. Kartsev, “The Guerilla Movement,” International Affairs, No. 7 (July, 1962), pp. 94-96; Y. Dolgopolov, “National Liberation Wars in the Present Epoch,” International Affairs, No. 2 (March, 1962), pp. 20-21.

13 Peter Andrews Poole, “Communist China's Aid Diplomacy,” Asian Survey, VI, No. 11 (November, 1966), 625-27.

14 Jorge del Prado, the General Secretary of the Peruvian Party, published an article in May, 1964, in which he strongly supported the new shift in the Soviet position: “International experience … reinforces our conviction that … there can be no revolution without the support of the masses. Although the events show that the majority of our people feel the need for radical changes … still the masses have not yet come to see the need to fight for political power.” World Marxist Review, VII, No. 5, 11-18, especially 12.

15 William E. Griffith, “Sino-Soviet Relations, 1964-1965,” The China Quarterly, No. 25 (January-March, 1966), pp. 40-41.

16 Typical of the muted attacks on the Chinese position is this statement by Ernesto Judisi about the Argentine Party (emphasis mine): “Another theoretical and practical lesson of the Cuban revolution is to avoid any mechanical repetition of the methods used in some other country. Whereas in some countries the revolutionary situation might be similar to that of Cuba, in others it might be totally different.” World Marxist Review, VIII, No. 2 (February, 1965), 16. See also A. Rumyantsev, “Concerning the Basic Contradictions of Our Time,” World Marxist Review, VII, No. 7 (July, 1964), 3-12, especially p. 9.

17 Cf. A. Z. Manfred, “Soviet Research on Major Problems of World History,” Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, No. 3 (1965); E. B. Richards, “Marxism and Marxist Movements in Latin America in Recent Soviet Historical Writing,” Hispanic American Historical Review, XLV, No. 4 (November, 1965), 577-90; A. Z. Rubenstein (ed.), The Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union (2d ed., New York: 1966), Intro, to Chapter XI, pp. 394-95.

18 Che Guevara's death in Bolivia two years later cleared up some of the mysteries surrounding his departure from the Cuban scene but aroused many other questions. See Jay Mallin “ ‘Che’ Guevara, Some Documentary Puzzles at the End of a Long Journey,” Journal of Inter-American Studies, X, No. 1 (January, 1968), pp. 74-84.

19 Cf. Pravda (Sept. 6, 1966) in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, XVJJI, No. 36 (Sept. 28, 1966), 16-17; Caribbean Monthly Bulletin (University of Puerto Rico), IV, No. 4 (February, 1967), 1-2.

20 Joseph J. Lee in Asian Survey, IV, 1123.

21 Alexander, Robert J., The Bolivian National Revolution, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1958), pp. 63-64.Google Scholar See also Victor Alba, “The Chinese in Latin America,” The China Quarterly, No. 5 (January-March, 1961), 53; Adolf A. Berle, Latin America—Diplomacy and Reality (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 114. Boorman notes the Spanish translation in 1953 of Mao's early work entitled How to be a Good Communist (Como ser un buen comunista) in Havana. Howard L. Boorman, “Political Ethics of Lio Shao-Chi, Asian Survey, III, No. 8 (August, 1963) 375-76.

22 Alba, op. cit., pp. 53-54; Lee, op. cit., p. 1124; John K. Fairbank and John M. H. Lindbeck, “United States Aid to Latin America in Chinese Studies,” Asian Survey, I, No. 9 (November, 1961) 32-33.

23 Fairbank and Lindbeck, loc. cit.; Alba, op. cit., pp. 54-55, 59; Lee, op. cit., pp. 1124-25.

24 Lee, op. cit., p. 1126.

25 Alba, op. cit., pp. 56-57.

26 Donald S. Zagoria, “Russia and China: Two Roads to Communism,” Survey, No. 18 (October, 1961), pp. 137-38.

27 Harry Schwartz, China (New York: Atheneum, 1965), p. 136; Zagoria, op. cit., pp. 144—45.

28 Zagoria, op. cit., p. 138.

29 Alba, op. cit., p. 60.

30 Cf. “The Tide of the People's Anti-imperialist Revolutionary Struggle is Irresistible,” Peking Review, IX, No. 4 (Jan. 21, 1966), 16-18.

31 In January, 1967, Tung Ming, commemorating the 30th anniversary of the publication of Mao's Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War, observed that “… the ‘countryside of the world,’ which is Asia, Africa and Latin America, is encircling the ‘city of the world’ … The People's liberation can be won only by relying on the gun.” Peking Review, X, No. 1 (Jan. 1, 1967), 22.

32 Griffith, op. cit., pp. 79-80.

33 Supra, note 30, pp. 17-20; “The First Afro-Asian-Latin American Peoples’ Solidarity Conference,” Peking Review, IX, No. 4 (Jan. 21, 1966), 19-25. Note also “The Havana Three Continents Conference,” Communist Affairs, IV, No. 1 (January-February, 1966), 8; “Is Hanoi Beginning To Hurt,” ibid., pp. 25-26.

34 Kautsky, John A., “An Essay in the Politics of Development,” in Kautsky (ed.), Political Change in Underdeveloped Countries: Nationalism and Communism (New York: Wiley, 1962), p. 87 Google Scholar.