Resveratrol supplementation during pregnancy and lactation has been associated with a reduced risk of maternal obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus , and preeclampsia. In addition, emerging evidence has shown that maternal resveratrol supplementation diminishes cardio-metabolic disorders in offspring, highlighting its role in modulating adaptative responses involving phenotypical plasticity. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that administration of resveratrol during pregnancy and lactation periods could be considered an important nutritional intervention to decrease the risk of maternal and offspring cardio-metabolic disorders. To highlight these new insights, this literature review will summarize the understanding emerging from experimental and clinical studies about resveratrol supplementation and its capacity to prevent or minimize maternal and offspring cardio-metabolic disorders.

Protein restriction during early phases of body development, such as intrauterine life can favor the development of vascular disorders. However, it is not known if peripubertal protein restriction can favor vascular dysfunction in adulthood. The present study aimed to evaluated whether a protein restriction diet during peripubertal period favors endothelial dysfunction in adulthood. Male Wistar rats from postnatal day (PND) 30 until 60 received a diet with either 23% protein (CTR group) or with 4% protein (LP group). At PND 120, the thoracic aorta reactivity to phenylephrine, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside was evaluated in the presence or absence of: endothelium, indomethacin, apocynin and tempol. The maximum response (Rmax) and pD2 (-log of the concentration of the drug that causes 50% of the Rmax) were calculated. The lipid peroxidation and catalase activity were also evaluated in the aorta. The data were analyzed by ANOVA (one or two-ways and Tukey’s) or independent t-test; the results were expressed as mean ± S.E.M., p < 0.05. The Rmax to phenylephrine in aortic rings with endothelium were increased in LP rats when compared with the Rmax in CTR rats. Apocynin and tempol reduced Rmax to phenylephrine in LP aortic rings but not in CTR. The aortic response to the vasodilators was similar between the groups. Aortic catalase activity was lower and lipid peroxidation was greater in LP compared to CTR rats. Therefore, protein restriction during the peripubertal period causes endothelial dysfunction in adulthood through a mechanism related to oxidative stress.

The effect of smoking and nicotine exposure during pregnancy on fetal nephrogenesis is a growing area of research. The objective of this systematic review is to summarise the current evidence in this research field. Our literature search identified a total of 415 articles from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane. After electronic sorting and manual screening, 18 eligible articles were found, 6 being human studies and 12 being animal studies. Articles that did not study nicotine or smoking, did not focus on fetal kidney development, or did not include nicotine or smoking exposure during pregnancy were excluded from the systematic review. The main outcomes of the studies were kidney weight, volume and size, kidney histopathology and morphology, and kidney function. Evidence from human studies identified a reduction in fetal kidney size, volume, and weight in offspring exposed to smoking during pregnancy; and the greatest impact was seen in offspring exposed to >5–10 cigarettes per day. Animal studies investigated kidney histopathology and highlighted kidney injury and microscopic changes in response to nicotine exposure during pregnancy. Further research is required to determine the impact on kidney function. Recreational nicotine use is evolving, and with the increasing use of urine cotinine in the evaluation of nicotine exposure, further research is needed.

The consistently high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has urged the need for punctual and effective prevention. Extended research on this specific area has demonstrated the influence of fetal and neonatal periods on the risk of developing CVD in adulthood. Thus, the role of traditional and novel biological markers to the effective screening of CVD among the neonatal population is widely investigated. The objective of the present narrative review is to examine those neonatal biomarkers that may play a role in the development of CVD, to exhibit scientific data that appertain to their association with various perinatal conditions leading to CVD predisposition, and their potential role on prediction and prevention strategies. Multiple biomarkers, traditional and novel, have been mined across the studied literature. Adiposity, insulin resistance, altered lipid profile, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction seem among the headliners of CVD. Even though various novel molecules have been studied, their clinical utility remains controversial. Therefore, it is quite important for the scientific community to find elements with strong predictive value and practical clinical use.

Few population studies have sufficient follow-up period to examine early-life exposures with later life diseases. A critical question is whether involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke from conception to adulthood increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) in midlife. In the Collaborative Perinatal Project, serum-validated maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSP) was assessed in the 1960s. At a mean age of 39 years, 1623 offspring were followed-up for the age at first physician-diagnoses of any CMDs, including diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. Detailed information on their exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in childhood and adolescence was collected with a validated questionnaire. Cox regression was used to examine associations of in utero exposure to MSP and exposure to ETS from birth to 18 years with lifetime incidence of CMD, adjusting for potential confounders. We calculated midlife cumulative incidences of hyperlipidemia (25.2%), hypertension (14.9%), diabetes (3.9%), and heart disease (1.5%). Lifetime risk of hypertension increased by the 2nd -trimester exposure to MSP (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.29, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.65), ETS in childhood (1.11, 0.99–1.23) and adolescence (1.22, 1.04–1.44). Lifetime risk of diabetes increased by joint exposures to MSP and ETS in childhood (1.23, 1.01–1.50) or adolescence (1.47, 1.02–2.10). These associations were stronger in males than females, in never-daily smokers than lifetime ever smokers. In conclusion, early-life involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke increases midlife risk of hypertension and diabetes in midlife.

Emerging evidence suggests that preterm-born individuals (<37 weeks gestation) are at increased risk of developing chronic health conditions in adulthood. This study compared the prevalence, co-occurrence, and cumulative prevalence of three female predominant chronic health conditions – hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis [RA], and hypothyroidism – alone and concurrently. Of 82,514 U.S. women aged 50–79 years enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative, 2,303 self-reported being born preterm. Logistic regression was used to analyze the prevalence of each condition at enrollment with birth status (preterm, full term). Multinomial logistic regression models analyzed the association between birth status and each condition alone and concurrently. Outcome variables using the 3 conditions were created to give 8 categories ranging from no disease, each condition alone, two-way combinations, to having all three conditions. The models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and sociodemographic, lifestyle, and other health-related risk factors. Women born preterm were significantly more likely to have any one or a combination of the selected conditions. In fully adjusted models for individual conditions, the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were 1.14 (95% CI, 1.04, 1.26) for hypertension, 1.28 (1.12, 1.47) for RA, and 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) for hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism and RA were the strongest coexisting conditions [aOR 1.69, 95% CI (1.14, 2.51)], followed by hypertension and RA [aOR 1.48, 95% CI (1.20, 1.82)]. The aOR for all three conditions was 1.69 (1.22, 2.35). Perinatal history is pertinent across the life course. Preventive measures and early identification of risk factors and disease in preterm-born individuals are essential to mitigating adverse health outcomes in adulthood.

Prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) may interfere with fetal development; however, studies evaluating anthropometry and gestational age at birth show inconsistent results. Typically, p,p´-DDE exposure has been measured during the third trimester and missed the key early pregnancy period. We evaluated the association between p,p´-DDE exposure before week 18 of pregnancy and anthropometry at birth, as well as gestational length, in 170 mother–child pairs from a cohort study in a flower-growing mexican region. Maternal serum p,p´-DDE concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The associations between p,p´-DDE and z-scores of birth weight, birth length, and gestational age were evaluated by linear multiple regression models. Logistic regression models were used for low birth weight and small size for gestational age. Effect modification by child’s sex was explored. The average gestational age at the blood sample extraction was 10.6 weeks. p,p'-DDE was detected in 64.7% of mothers, at a geometric mean of 0.24 ng/mL. Prenatal p,p´-DDE exposure was not associated with the birth outcomes in the whole sample. However, a high p,p´-DDE exposure was marginally associated with greater small for gestational age risk in male newborns (OR≥0.076 ng/mL vs <0.076 ng/mL = 3.09, 95% CI: 0.61; 15.58), but not in female (p for interaction = 0.08).

Even though, we found no reductions in anthropometric measurements or gestational length associated with early prenatal p,p´-DDE exposure, the potential effect modification by infant’s sex in terms of small for the gestational age risk deserves future studies.

Evidence clearly indicates that the nutritional and non-nutritional environment and level of physical activity during the early-life period from preconception through infancy has a lifelong impact on the child’s health. However this message must be communicated effectively to parents and other stakeholders such as grandparents, health professionals, policymakers and the wider community in order for positive change to occur. This systematic review explores how both awareness and understanding of the long-term effects of the early-life environment have been measured in various populations and whether any patterns are evident. Ten articles were retrieved via a search of Embase, Medline and Scopus databases for peer-reviewed studies designed to assess participants’ knowledge of the links between early-life exposures and adult health. Eligible articles spanned a wide range of countries, population groups and research methods. Three common themes were identified using thematic analysis: 1. a tendency for researchers to conflate participant understanding of the issue (the WHY) with a knowledge of key phrases and nutrition guidelines (the WHAT); 2. bias in both researchers and participants towards short-term thinking due to difficulty conceptualising long-term risk; and 3. challenges in comprehending the complexity of the evidence resulting in oversimplification and the overemphasis of maternal factors. Taken together these findings underscore the importance of a multi-level, whole-of-society approach to communicating the evidence, with the goal of influencing policy decisions as well as building a foundation of community support for parents and prospective parents to create a healthy early-life environment for the long-term wellbeing of all.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases. We have a placenta-specific nanoparticle gene therapy protocol that increases placental expression of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF1), for the treatment of FGR in utero. We aimed to characterize the effects of FGR on hepatic gluconeogenesis pathways during early stages of FGR establishment, and determine whether placental nanoparticle-mediated hIGF1 therapy treatment could resolve differences in the FGR fetus. Female Hartley guinea pigs (dams) were fed either a Control or Maternal Nutrient Restriction (MNR) diet using established protocols. At GD30-33, dams underwent ultrasound guided, transcutaneous, intraplacental injection of hIGF1 nanoparticle or PBS (sham) and were sacrificed 5 days post-injection. Fetal liver tissue was fixed and snap frozen for morphology and gene expression analysis. In female and male fetuses, liver weight as a percentage of body weight was reduced by MNR, and not changed with hIGF1 nanoparticle treatment. In female fetal livers, expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (Hif1α) and tumor necrosis factor (Tnfα) were increased in MNR compared to Control, but reduced in MNR + hIGF1 compared to MNR. In male fetal liver, MNR increased expression of Igf1 and decreased expression of Igf2 compared to Control. Igf1 and Igf2 expression was restored to Control levels in the MNR + hIGF1 group. This data provides further insight into the sex-specific mechanistic adaptations seen in FGR fetuses and demonstrates that disruption to fetal developmental mechanisms may be returned to normal by treatment of the placenta.

Translational research (TR) is the movement of fundamental scientific discoveries into healthcare settings and population health policy, and parallels the goals of DOHaD research. Unfortunately, there is little guidance on how to become a translational researcher. To understand the opinions of DOHaD trainees towards TR, we conducted a workshop at the DOHaD World Congress 2022. We found that trainees were enthusiastic for their work to have translational impact, and that they feel that holistic, multidisciplinary solutions may lead to more generalisable research. However, there lacks support for TR career pathways, which may stall the execution of the long-term vision of the DOHaD agenda. We put forward recommendations for trainees to clarify their purpose in pursuing TR and for seeking relevant people and patronages to support their training paths. For mentors, training institutions, and scientific societies, we recommend developing TR-specific programmes, and implementing training opportunities, networking events, and funding to support these endeavours.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between parental and infant birth weights in Japan. In total, 37,504 pregnant Japanese women and their partners were included in this birth cohort study. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to evaluate the associations of parental birth weights with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) or large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants. Associations between parental birth weight and low birth weight (LBW) infants or macrosomia were also examined, and linear associations between parental birth weight and SGA or LGA were found. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for SGA infants per 500 g decrease in maternal and paternal birth weights were 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI],1.43–1.58) and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.25–1.38), respectively. The aORs for LGA infants per 500 g increase in maternal and paternal birth weights were 1.53 (95% CI, 1.47–1.60) and 1.41 (95% CI, 1.35–1.47), respectively. The association between parental birth weight and LBW infants or macrosomia was also linear. The aORs for LBW infants per 500 g decrease in maternal and paternal birth weights were 1.47 (95% CI, 1.40–1.55) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.19–1.31), respectively. The aORs for macrosomia per 500 g increase in maternal and paternal birth weights were 1.59 (95% CI, 1.41–1.79) and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.23–1.60), respectively. Parental birth weight was found to be associated with infant birth weight even after adjusting for various parental factors. Furthermore, maternal birth weight was more strongly associated with infant birth weight than with paternal birth weight.

Preterm birth has been associated with insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, a hallmark characteristic of type 2 diabetes. However, studies investigating the relationship between a personal history of being born preterm and type 2 diabetes are sparse. We sought to investigate the potential association between a personal history of being born preterm and risk for type 2 diabetes in a racially and ethnically diverse population. Baseline and incident data (>16 years of follow-up) from the Women’s Health Initiative (n = 85,356) were used to examine the association between personal history of being born preterm (born 1910–1940s) and prevalent (baseline enrollment; cross-sectional) or incident (prospective cohort) cases of type 2 diabetes. Logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate odds and hazards ratios. Being born preterm was significantly, positively associated with odds for prevalent type 2 diabetes at enrollment (adjOR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.43–2.24; P < 0.0001). Stratified regression models suggested the positive associations at baseline were consistent across race and ethnicity groups. However, being born preterm was not significantly associated with risk for incident type 2 diabetes. Regression models stratified by age at enrollment suggest the relationship between being born preterm and type 2 diabetes persists only among younger age groups. Preterm birth was associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes but only in those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes prior to study enrollment, suggesting the association between preterm birth and type 2 diabetes may exist at earlier age of diagnosis but wane over time.

Human health is strongly mediated by the gut microbiota ecosystem, which, in turn, depends not only on its state but also on its dynamics and how it responds to perturbations. Healthy microbiota ecosystems tend to be in criticality and antifragile dynamics corresponding to a maximum complexity configuration, which may be assessed with information and network theory analysis. Under this complex system perspective, we used a new analysis of published data to show that a children’s population with an industrialized urban lifestyle from Mexico City exhibits informational and network characteristics similar to parasitized children from a rural indigenous population in the remote mountainous region of Guerrero, México. We propose then, that in this critical age for gut microbiota maturation, the industrialized urban lifestyle could be thought of as an external perturbation to the gut microbiota ecosystem, and we show that it produces a similar loss in criticality/antifragility as the one observed by internal perturbation due to parasitosis by the helminth A. lumbricoides. Finally, several general complexity-based guidelines to prevent or restore gut ecosystem antifragility are discussed.