International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Effect of resolutions — Resolution calling on Member States to refrain from dealing with South Africa from which it could be inferred that they had recognized its control over Namibia — Whether creating binding obligations on Member States — Whether creating right of action in municipal courts of Member States

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Justiciability of foreign relations question — United Nations Security Council resolution calling on Member States to refrain from certain dealings with South Africa — Whether raising justiciable question

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Resolutions of United Nations Security Council — Whether creating directly applicable rights and obligations for individuals — The law of the United States

State responsibility — For acts of expropriation — Expropriation decree promulgated by Government of El Salvador at behest of United States — Promulgation of decree resulting in expropriation of property belonging to United States citizens — Whether United States Government responsible for taking — Whether United States action a taking under Fifth Amendment to United States Constitution — Requirement that taking be direct and substantial

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Justiciability of foreign relations questions — Political question doctrine — Criteria for determining whether doctrine applicable — United States involvement in expropriation of United States citizens’ property by foreign government — Whether raising justiciable questions

Expropriation — Definition — Taking of property — Extinguishment of claim under international law — Whether constituting a taking of property

Expropriation — Taking of property — Responsibility for — Whether United States Government responsible for taking property belonging to United States citizens by foreign government — The law of the United States

Human rights — Arrest and detention — Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment — Summary execution and murder — Causing the disappearance of individuals — Whether contrary to customary international law — Whether customary international law now prohibiting violations of human rights principles committed by a State against its nationals

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — For breaches of international law — Alien Tort Claims Act — Jurisdiction of United States courts for torts against the law of nations committed against aliens — Extent of jurisdiction — Whether jurisdiction extending to violations of any rule of international law — Whether rule must be universally accepted and clearly defined — Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment — Arrest and detention — Summary execution and murder — Causing the disappearance of individuals — Whether constituting violations of the law of nations — Whether jurisdiction extending to a State’s treatment of its own nationals — Whether Alien Tort Claims Act creating cause of action — Federal question jurisdiction — Whether extending to breaches of international law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — Extent of United States act of State doctrine — Whether applicable to acts in violation of international law — Relationship of doctrine to Alien Tort Claims Act

Sources of international law — General — State practice — Treaties — Writings of publicists — Judicial decisions — The law of the United States

Sea — Maritime boundaries — Delimitation — Single maritime boundary for all purposes — Islands belonging to one State off coast of other State — Identification of relevant coastlines in delimitation area — Ratio of coastlines — Whether coastlines opposite or adjacent — Identification of relevant principles and criteria to be utilized — Capacity of all coasts to generate offshore zone — Whether qualified by competing coasts — Whether qualified by application of principle of proportionality or by political status of island — Relevance of ancient treaties ceding territory — Enclave and frontal projection theories — Relevance of equidistance and contiguous zone rules — Combination of different methods with reference to different segments of delimitation line — Whether demarcation of broad continental shelf beyond 200-mile limit appropriate — Relevance of fisheries and mineral resources — Equity of result — Whether areas allocated disproportionate