International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaty — Effect in municipal law — The law of the United States

States as international persons — Composite States — Unions of States — Exclusive competence of Federal Government in foreign relations — Whether infringed by state law restricting transmission of proceeds of inheritance to alien resident in German Democratic Republic — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Aliens — Plea of non-discrimination — Alien legatee resident outside United States — New York law restricting transmission of proceeds to legatee in German Democratic Republic — Whether discriminatory — The law of the United States

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence Conduct of foreign relations — Inheritance by non — resident aliens — State statutory control over transmission of proceeds of inheritance to legatees residing in Germany — Authority of state to legislate on foreign relations — The law of the United States

States as international persons — Composite States — Unions of States — Exclusive competence of Federal Government in foreign relations — Whether infringed by state law discriminating against non — resident aliens — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Aliens — Plea of non — discrimination — Probate law imposing stricter requirements on non-resident aliens — Whether unconstitutional discrimination — The law of the United States

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Inheritance by non-resident aliens — Probate law imposing stricter requirements on non-resident aliens — Exclusive competence of the Federal Government in foreign relations — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Conduct of foreign relations — Executive power to conduct foreign relations — Executive power to engage in hostilities — Whether authorization of Congress required — Vietnam conflict — Whether lawful — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Republic of South Africa Alleged discrimination in visa policy — Act of State — Jurisdiction of New York State Division of Human Rights — The law of the United States

States as international persons — Composite States — Unions of States — Exclusive competence of Federal Government in foreign relations — Decision to permit foreign airline to operate in the United States — Jurisdiction of state courts and executive agencies to intervene — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Whether United States Constitution extends to United States citizens in foreign countries tried by courts of the United States — Waiver of jurisdiction over servicemen in foreign countries — Ryukyu Islands — Treaty of Peace with Japan 1951 — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Foreign policy reserved for Federal Government — State courts and state agencies not permitted to intervene in decision to permit foreign airline to operate in United States — South African racial policy — Foreign Act of State — Jurisdiction of New York State Division of Human Rights — The law of the United States

States as international legal persons — Recognition of foreign Acts of State — Antitrust — Boycott ordered by foreign government Whether order a defence to antitrust action against companies implementing boycott — Conclusiveness of foreign Act of State Sabbatino decision — The law of the United States

State succession — Succession to rights — Division of State — Effect upon property abroad — The law of Singapore

Jurisdiction — High seas — Jurisdiction on — Salvage — Ownership of contents of abandoned vessels — The law of Singapore

States as international persons — In general — Continuity of States — Extinction of States — GerMany — Effect on Statehood of Surrender in 1945 — Division of Germany — Whether the former German State continued — Position of Federal Republic of Germany — The law of Singapore

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Smuggling of marijuana into the United States — Status of Panama Canal Zone as a “foreign country” — The law of the United States

State territory — In general — International leases and grants in perpetuity — Panama Canal Zone — Whether part of the United States — Smuggling of marijuana from Canal Zone into the United

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals abroad — Whether Federal bankruptcy legislation applies to United States nationals in Canada — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Objective territorial jurisdiction — Theft of motor vehicle in Canada — Prosecution in Massachusetts — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial jurisdiction — Over territory in general — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Criminal acts outside jurisdiction — Culminating within jurisdiction — Whether courts have jurisdiction to try the offence — The law of Malaysia

International law in general — Nature and binding force — Concept of equity — Whether a matter of abstract justice or of a rule of law requiring application of equitable principles — Nature of duty to negotiate towards equitable settlement

State territory — Parts of State territory — Territorial waters Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Whether determined by international law — Fishing limits — Whether international law restricts fishing limits to twelve miles from coast

State territory — Parts of State territory — Territorial waters — Fisheries — Exclusive fishing zone — Whether extent prescribed by international law — Whether limited to twelve miles from coast — Preferential rights of coastal State beyond territorial waters

State territory — Parts of State territory — Continental shelf Rights of State over waters above its continental shelf — Fisheries — Development of concept of sovereignty over continental shelf — Effect on changing law of the sea

State territory — Parts of State territory — State servitudes ‘ Fishing rights in high seas — Preferential rights of coastal State in adjacent waters — Historic rights of other States

Jurisdiction — High seas — Conception of the high seas and freedom of the sea — Theory of absolute freedom of the high seas — Qualifications thereof — Fisheries — Duty to have regard for interests of oilier States — Preferential rights of coastal State in adjacent waters — Historic rights of other States

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Jurisdiction of International Court of Justice to award damages — Applicant seeking declaration that State’s acts illegal and that general obligation to compensate exists — No evidence of details of damage — Whether requested declaration too abstract

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Conditions of validity — Effect of duress — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

Treaties — Termination — By operation of law — Fundamental change of circumstances — Relevance of change of circumstances to treaty — Failure of consideration — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

Treaties — Termination — By act of party — Unilateral denunciation — Circumstances in which State entitled to denounce treaty — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Organization of the Court — Appointment of judge ad hoc — Common interest between two States bringing parallel proceedings — Justification for refusal to appoint a judge ad hoc

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Access to the Court — Applicant State becoming a party to the Statute of the Court after crystallization of dispute

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Interim measures of protection

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Jurisdiction under treaty — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland — Refusal of State to appear — Whether affecting jurisdiction of the Court

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Request for declaration that State under an obligation to compensate applicant for damage caused by allegedly unlawful acts — Whether requested declaration too abstract Request contained in Memorial on merits but not in application Whether a permissible amendment

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Effect of refusal of State to appear

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — The law applicable — Rule of law requiring application of equitable principles — Competence of Court to indicate equitable principles as guide to negotiation

Disputes — Negotiation — Relationship between negotiation and judicial settlement — International Court of Justice

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over fisheries — Extent of — Whether limited to twelve miles — Whether extension to fifty miles permissible — Icelandic claim — Whether opposable to Federal Republic of Germany — Adjacent waters — Rights of the coastal State — Exceptional dependence upon fisheries — Conservation — Preferential rights of coastal State — Historic rights of other States — Duty of States to negotiate equitable balance between rights — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

International law in general — Nature and binding force — Concept of equity — Equity and law — Sources of international law — Custom — Conditions for existence of rule of custom — The law of the sea

Treaties — Conclusion — Conditions of validity — Duress — Termination — By operation of law — Fundamental change of circumstances — Failure of consideration — Termination by act of party — Unilateral denunciation — Exchange of Notes, 1961, between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Treaty conferring jurisdiction denounced by one party — Procedure — Interim measures of protection — Nature of a dispute — Relationship between judicial process and negotiation — Declaration of obligation to make compensation

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Whether New York courts have jurisdiction to determine dispute as to ownership of share certificates of a Canadian corporation — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction. — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Act of State — Canadian Regulations Respecting Trading with Enemy — Whether New York courts may adjudge validity of order vesting title to shares in Custodian of Department of Secretary of State of Canada — Sovereign immunity — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Whether United States Constitution extends to United States citizens in foreign countries tried by courts of the United States — Waiver of jurisdiction over servicemen in foreign countries — Ryukyu Islands — Treaty of Peace with Japan 1951 — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — United States forces in the Ryukyu Islands — Conditions of trial for non-service-connected offence — Waiver of jurisdiction over servicemen in foreign countries Treaty of Peace with Japan 1951 — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties and international agreements — Universal Postal Convention — Effect of absence of approval by Congress or ratification by Senate — The law of the United States

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Necessity for assent of State to be party — Universal Postal Convention — The law of the United States

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Effect in municipal law — Universal Postal Convention — Neither law nor treaty in absence of passage through Congress or ratification by Senate — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals abroad — Foreign mail — Whether Fifth Amendment applicable to foreign mail between United States citizens — Universal Postal Convention — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — High Seas — Jurisdiction on the High Seas — Piracy — Definition of piracy — Tokyo Convention Act, 1967 — Whether definition of piracy — Merchant Shipping Act 1894, 686(1) — The law of Scotland

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of State responsibility — For taking of, or interference with property — Repudiation by Government of undertaking to foreign company not to increase tax on company — Company obliged to cease operations — Whether “expropriatory action” within OPIC insurance contract — International law and the law of the United States

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Overseas Private Investment Corporation contract of insurance — Measure of compensation for expropriatory action — Assessment of loss

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Repudiation by Government of agreement with foreign company — International law and the law of the United States

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation — Repudiation by Government of agreement with foreign company not to increase taxes payable by company — Company obliged to cease operations — Whether expropriation — Whether within OPIC insurance contract — International law and the law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of State responsibility — For breaches of contractual obligations — Contract of guarantee between Government and foreign company — Undertaking by Government not to increase taxes or royalties payable by company — Whether governed by principles of international law — Repudiation of contract by Government — Whether amounting to “expropriatory action” within terms of OPIC insurance contract — Measure of compensation — International law and the law of the United States

State responsibility — Claims — Denial of judicial review of decisions of Foreign Claims Settlement Commission — Whether a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment — The law of United States

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — Article 26 (the domestic remedies rule) — Jurisdiction of the Court to examine submissions of non-exhaustion — Question of estoppel — Questions of availability and sufficiency of a supposed remedy — Significance of the condition of settled legal opinion

Article 4(2) — (prohibition against forced or compulsory labour) — Whether a breach of Article 5(4) in itself removes justification for imposition of such labour upon detained person

Article 5(1)(e) (detention of vagrants) — Meaning of the terms “vagrant” and “lawful” in the context of Article 5(1) — Article 5(3) (right of person deprived of liberty to judicial examination) — Article 5(4) (right of person deprived of liberty to have lawfulness of deprivation decided by a court) — Compliance with Article 5(4) where deprivation is ordered by a court — Meaning of the term “court” in the context of Article 5(4) — Procedural guarantees necessitated by gravity of possible consequences — Administrative nature of magisterial decision — Failure to provide judicial remedy — Requests for release addressed to administrative authorities — Possibility of appeal to Counseil d’Etat in event of unlawful refusal to release — Absence of judicial review of exercise of such discretion outside the ambit of Article 5(4)

Article 7 (“nulla poena sine lege”) — Inapplicability to noncriminal matter

Article 8 (respect for correspondence) — Whether a breach of Article 5(4) in itself removes justification for supervising detained person’s correspondence — Whether otherwise justifiable — Power of appreciation left to Contracting States in determining what is “necessary” for the avoidance of certain contingencies

Article 13 (right of effective remedy before a national tribunal) — Whether necessary to determine the question

Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Damages for unlawful detention — Whether Article 26 is applicable to proceedings in regard to Article 50 — Elements to be taken into consideration by the Court in respect of such proceedings — Absence of damage on the particular facts having regard to the Court’s former findings