International law in general — Nature and binding force — Concept of equity — Whether a matter of abstract justice or of a rule of law requiring application of equitable principles — Nature of duty to negotiate towards equitable settlement

State territory — Parts of State territory — Territorial waters Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Whether determined by international law — Fishing limits — Whether international law restricts fishing limits to twelve miles from coast

State territory — Parts of State territory — Territorial waters — Fisheries — Exclusive fishing zone — Whether extent prescribed by international law — Whether limited to twelve miles from coast — Preferential rights of coastal State beyond territorial waters

State territory — Parts of State territory — Continental shelf Rights of State over waters above its continental shelf — Fisheries — Development of concept of sovereignty over continental shelf — Effect on changing law of the sea

State territory — Parts of State territory — State servitudes ‘ Fishing rights in high seas — Preferential rights of coastal State in adjacent waters — Historic rights of other States

Jurisdiction — High seas — Conception of the high seas and freedom of the sea — Theory of absolute freedom of the high seas — Qualifications thereof — Fisheries — Duty to have regard for interests of oilier States — Preferential rights of coastal State in adjacent waters — Historic rights of other States

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Jurisdiction of International Court of Justice to award damages — Applicant seeking declaration that State’s acts illegal and that general obligation to compensate exists — No evidence of details of damage — Whether requested declaration too abstract

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Conditions of validity — Effect of duress — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

Treaties — Termination — By operation of law — Fundamental change of circumstances — Relevance of change of circumstances to treaty — Failure of consideration — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

Treaties — Termination — By act of party — Unilateral denunciation — Circumstances in which State entitled to denounce treaty — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Organization of the Court — Appointment of judge ad hoc — Common interest between two States bringing parallel proceedings — Justification for refusal to appoint a judge ad hoc

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Access to the Court — Applicant State becoming a party to the Statute of the Court after crystallization of dispute

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Interim measures of protection

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Jurisdiction under treaty — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland — Refusal of State to appear — Whether affecting jurisdiction of the Court

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Request for declaration that State under an obligation to compensate applicant for damage caused by allegedly unlawful acts — Whether requested declaration too abstract Request contained in Memorial on merits but not in application Whether a permissible amendment

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Effect of refusal of State to appear

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — The law applicable — Rule of law requiring application of equitable principles — Competence of Court to indicate equitable principles as guide to negotiation

Disputes — Negotiation — Relationship between negotiation and judicial settlement — International Court of Justice

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over fisheries — Extent of — Whether limited to twelve miles — Whether extension to fifty miles permissible — Icelandic claim — Whether opposable to Federal Republic of Germany — Adjacent waters — Rights of the coastal State — Exceptional dependence upon fisheries — Conservation — Preferential rights of coastal State — Historic rights of other States — Duty of States to negotiate equitable balance between rights — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

International law in general — Nature and binding force — Concept of equity — Equity and law — Sources of international law — Custom — Conditions for existence of rule of custom — The law of the sea

Treaties — Conclusion — Conditions of validity — Duress — Termination — By operation of law — Fundamental change of circumstances — Failure of consideration — Termination by act of party — Unilateral denunciation — Exchange of Notes, 1961, between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Treaty conferring jurisdiction denounced by one party — Procedure — Interim measures of protection — Nature of a dispute — Relationship between judicial process and negotiation — Declaration of obligation to make compensation