International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Relation to statute — Relevance of unimplemented treaty provision to exercise of discretion by Contracting State — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Attempt to extend United States grand jury's investigations extraterritorially — Letters rogatory — Whether to be implemented — Whether an infringement of sovereignty — Relevance of policy of the Government — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and — independence-Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Extraterritorial application of United States anti-trust legislation — Attempt to extend United States grand jury's investigations extraterritorially — Letters rogatory — Whether an infringement of sovereignty — Relevance of policy of the Government — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Extraterritorial jurisdiction of foreigners in respect of acts done abroad — Attempt to extend United States grand jury's investigations extraterritorially — Letters rogatory — Whether to be implemented — Whether an infringement of sovereignty — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters, 1970 — Relation to Evidence (Proceedings in other Jurisdictions) Act 1975 — Discretion under Convention to object to pre-trial discovery — Whether implemented in municipal legislation — Relevance to exercise of discretion — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Extraterritorial application of United States anti-trust legislation — Letters rogatory — Whether to be implemented — Evidence (Proceedings in Other Jurisdictions) Act 1975 — Relation to international convention — Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters, 1970 — General intention of — Article 23 — Discretion to object to pre-trial discovery — Whether implemented in municipal law — Relevance to exercise of discretion — Intervention of United States Department of Justice — Attempt to extend United States grand jury's investigations extraterritorially — Whether changing character of letters rogatory — Whether an infringement of sovereignty — Relevance of policy of the Government — Grounds for not implementing letters of request — Article 12(b) of the Convention — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Contract of employment — Dispute — Jurisdiction of courts of place of employment — Whether liable to be ousted by forum clause in favour of foreign court — The law of Togo

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Belgium-Luxembourg Declaration concerning suppression of violation of fishing regulations, 1882 — Whether granting exclusive jurisdiction to national State of offender over offences committed in other State — The law of Luxembourg

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Place of commission of offence — Forgery produced abroad but used within Luxembourg — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction — The law of Luxembourg

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals abroad — Impounding of passport of alien by State of residence — Whether an inadmissible interference with personal jurisdiction of issuing State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by responsibilities of the receiving State — Impounding of passport — Whether an inadmissible interference with personal jurisdiction of issuing State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Impounding of passport of alien by his State of residence — Whether an inadmissible interference with personal jurisdiction of issuing State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — High Seas — Jurisdiction on the High Seas — Piracy — Definition of piracy under municipal law — The law of the Netherlands

State responsibility — Claims — Assignment of — Netherlands-Czechoslovakia Agreement relating to the Settlement of Financial Matters, 1964 — Czechoslovak measures of nationalization — Lump sum payment to Dutch State in settlement of claims of its nationals — Division of assets between heirs involving assignment of claims — Whether validity of such division under municipal law prejudices application of Agreement — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 10 — Freedom to impart information and ideas — Municipal legislation restricting distribution of obscene publications — Whether compatible with Article 10 — Relevance of legislation in neighbouring countries — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 9 — Freedom of thought and conscience — Conscientious objections to military service — Municipal legislation limiting grounds for conscientious objections — Whether compatible with Article 9 — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(3)(a) — Right of accused to be informed of accusation against him in a language which he understands — Whether Convention stipulates manner in which such information to be supplied — Whether summons required to be in language which accused understands — Accused represented by advocate who is aware of the nature and cause of the accusation — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 10 — Freedom of expression — Municipal legislation prohibiting insults to foreign Heads of State — Whether compatible with Article 10 — Alleged justification of trying to draw attention to war crimes — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — San Francisco Convention on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, 1948 — The law of Madagascar

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of association — Trade union secretary employed in public teaching service — Transfer to outlying province — Whether an interference with exercise of trade union rights — San Francisco Convention on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, 1948, Article 3 — Enforcement — Incorporation into municipal legal order — The law of Madagascar

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom to travel outside State of nationality — Whether may be restricted on grounds of national security — Executive appraisal of danger to State represented by journey — Whether subject to judicial review — The law of Madagascar

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Soldier sentenced to disciplinary training under Military Discipline Act — Whether violation of provisions of the Convention — Article 5 — Right to liberty and security of person — Whether subjection to military discipline involves deprivation of liberty — Article 5(1)(b) — Permissible restrictions to secure the fulfilment of any obligation prescribed by law — Article 6 — Defence rights in the determination of civil rights or of any criminal charge — Whether any disciplinary sentence involves criminal charge — Whether enforcement of military discipline involves determination of civil rights — Article 10 — Freedom of expression — Permissible restrictions for the prevention of disorder — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 10 and 14 — Allocation of broadcasting time — Dutch licensing system and Broadcasting Act (Omroepwet) — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation in municipal courts — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 9 — Freedom of religion Education Act 1944 — Section 30 — Presumption that statute be interpreted in manner consistent with international treaty obligations — Statute enacted before conclusion of treaty — European Commission of Human Rights — Consideration of municipal court's application of municipal law — Whether reviewable The law of England and of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Absence of municipal enabling legislation — Relevance of Convention — Presumption that municipal law be interpreted in manner consistent with treaty obligations — Article 9 of the Convention — Education Act 1944 — Section 30 — Freedom of religious opinions and practice — The law of England and of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of religion — Attendance at mosque — Whether employee entitled to be absent from work without deduction of pay — Municipal law prohibiting discrimination — Education Act 1944, Section 30 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 9 — Freedom to manifest religion in community with others — Interpretation of municipal law by municipal court — Relevance of Convention provisions in absence of enabling legislation — European Commission of Human Rights — Application of municipal law by municipal court — Whether reviewable by Commission — Article 14 of the Convention — Non-discrimination in the enjoyment of rights under the Convention — The law of England and the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Violation established — Just satisfaction — Material loss — Causal link between claims and breach of Convention — Non-pecuniary damage — Whether finding of violation already furnishes sufficient just satisfaction — Legal costs and expenses — Whether reasonable and actually incurred

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Material loss — Non-pecuniary damage — Legal costs and expenses

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Proceedings for just satisfaction under European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Request to defer judgment until national courts’ final decision on reparation — Whether suspension of proceedings would hinder proper administration of justice

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Violation of right to a hearing within a reasonable time established — Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Request to defer judgment until national courts' final decision on reparation — Whether suspension of proceedings would hinder proper administration of justice Material loss — Causal link between claims and breach of Convention — Non-pecuniary damage — Whether finding of violation sufficient just satisfaction — Particular circumstances to be taken into account — Legal costs and expenses — Whether reasonable and actually incurred — Proceedings before national courts — Proceedings before Convention institutions

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — Administrative-law proceedings lasting three and a half years — Whether justifiable considering excessive workload of national court — Just satisfaction in respect of breach of Convention

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Administrative-law appeal — Proceedings lasting three and a half years for a single jurisdictional level — Reasonableness of length of proceedings assessed according to particular circumstances — Excessive work load of national court — Single and lengthy period of total inactivity — Whether justifiable — Temporary backlog of business — Whether a matter of structural organization — Remedial action taken — Whether sufficient just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Article 50 — Non-pecuniary damage — Whether judgment already furnished compensation — Legal costs and expenses

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Lawyers’ obligation to defend accused without payment — Whether constituting forced or compulsory labour — Whether discrimination compared to other professions — Deprivation of property rights — Whether applicable to remuneration of services

Treaties — Interpretation of — Miscellaneous — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether case raises serious questions of interpretation — Meaning of phrase “forced or compulsory labour” — Lack of definition in Convention — Interpretation in light of International Labour Organization Conventions

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Jurisdiction of Chamber of Court — Whether to be relinquished in favour of plenary Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Lawyers’ obligation to defend accused without payment — Whether constituting forced or compulsory labour — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 4 — Meaning of phrase “forced or compulsory labour” — International Labour Organization conventions — Principle of proportionality — Balance between aim pursued and obligations undertaken to achieve it — Discrimination — Article 14 in conjunction with Article 4 — Obligations imposed on lawyers and members of other professions — Whether comparable — Property rights — Deprivation of — Article 1 of First Protocol — Whether applying to remuneration of services — Expenses not reimbursed — Whether constituting an interference with possessions — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of Convention — Jurisdiction of Chamber of European Court of Human Rights — Whether to be relinquished in favour of plenary Court

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Civil proceedings — Right to a public pronouncement of judgment — Whether to be interpreted literally — Special features of particular proceedings — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — Reasonableness of length of proceedings — Circumstances to be taken into account

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Literal interpretation — Object and purpose of provision

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Jurisdiction of Chamber of Court — Whether to be relinquished in favour of plenary Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Civil proceedings — Right to public pronouncement of judgment — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Whether requiring that judgment be read aloud — Object and purpose of Article 6 — Form of publicity — Assessment in light of special features of particular proceedings — Entirety of proceedings to be taken into account — Whether deposit of judgment in court registry sufficient — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — Reasonableness of length of proceedings — Circumstances to be taken into account — Complexity of the case — Conduct of applicant and authorities — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of Convention — Jurisdiction of Chamber of European Court of Human Rights — Whether to be relinquished in favour of plenary Court