International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights — Status before the English courts — The law of England

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights — Status before the English courts — Duty of the courts to consider the Convention and to abide by its principles in the absence of a clear rule of law to the contrary — Right to respect for family life — Immigration cases — Right to enter the United Kingdom — Requirement that this right be proved by means of a patriality certificate — Delay in issuing certificate — Magna Carta — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Operation and enforcement — European Convention on Human Rights — Status before the English courts — Duty of courts to give effect to Convention in the absence of clear rule of law to the contrary — The law of England

The individual in international law — Nationality — In general — Proof of nationality — Right of entry into United Kingdom — United Kingdom citizen with right of entry marrying Commonwealth citizen — Commonwealth citizen acquires right of entry — Requirement that Commonwealth citizen establishes right of entry by means of certificate of patriality — Certificate normally obtained before coming to United Kingdom — Long delays in considering applications — Whether applicant entitled to avoid delay by coming to United Kingdom and applying for certificate there — Right to respect for family life — European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 — Article 8 — Status before the English courts — The law of England

Individual in International Law — Position of — Effect of Treaties on Individuals — Treaty Relating to Jurisdiction over Visiting Foreign Armed Forces — Standing of Individual to Claim Rights under — Distinction between Treaties and Agreements — The Law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Operation and Enforcement of — Distinction between Treaty and Executive Agreement — Agreement regarding Jurisdiction over Visiting Foreign Armed Forces — Executive Agreement — Conflict between Executive Agreement and Prior Inconsistent Statute — The Law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Visiting Foreign Armed Forces — Crimes Committed by — Jurisdiction under Treaty — Waiver of — Individuals — Standing to Claim Under Treaty — Executive Agreement — The Law of the United States of America.

Human rights — Freedom of expression — Flag desecration — Guarantees of right to freedom of expression — Basic Law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (“Basic Law”), Articles 39 and 27 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 (“ICCPR”), Article 19 — National laws criminalizing flag desecration — Whether inconsistent with guarantee of freedom of expression — Whether restriction on freedom of expression necessary for protection of public order — Whether restriction justified under Article 19(3) of ICCPR — Whether national laws unconstitutional

Relationship of international law and municipal law — National laws criminalizing flag desecration — Basic Law — ICCPR — Basic Law applying ICCPR to Hong Kong Special Administrative Region — Guarantees of right to freedom of expression — Whether restriction in national laws justifiable — Whether national laws violating Basic Law — Whether national laws unconstitutional

States — Sovereignty — Transfer of sovereignty — People's Republic of China resuming sovereignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997 — New constitutional order — National and regional flags and emblems — Symbols of People's Republic of China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region — Whether interests in protecting flags legitimate — The law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Grant of jurisdiction to Federal courts — Scope of grant — Whether Act encompasses action by an alien against a foreign State — Whether grant of subject matter jurisdiction over such a case constitutional — Whether Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act creates causes of action — The law of the United States

Aliens — Admission of — Right of State to control — Article 22 of Constitution of Japan.

Belligerent Occupation — Legislative and Administrative Functions of Occupant — Payment of Debt to Enemy Property Custodian — Legal Effect of — The Law of the Philippines

Diplomatic privileges and immunities — Subordinate members of staff — Alleged breach of tenancy agreement — Technical and administrative officers — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Modified privilege of technical and administrative officers — Subsisting action stayed on ground of immunity — Diplomatic Privileges Act, 1964 — The law of England.

Expropriation — Debts — Situs of debt — Certificate of deposit payable at any branch of bank worldwide — Deposit originally made with branch in Cuba by Cuban national — Whether debt sited in Cuba — Whether debt capable of having more than one situs

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and non-justiciability — United States act of State doctrine — Principle that United States courts will not question validity of expropriation by foreign State of property within that State’s territory — Situs of property expropriated — Debts — Hickenlooper Amendment — The law of the United States and of New York

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Forgery of Cyprus currency notes — Forgery done in Greece — Whether an offence under the law of Cyprus and subject to jurisdiction of Cyprus courts — Whether acts done must also be an offence in Greece — The law of Cyprus

International Administration — Juridical Status of International Bureau of Weights and Measures — International Conventions of Paris (May 20, 1875) and Sèvres (October 6, 1921) — Jurisdiction of French Courts.

State immunity — Jurisdiction — Doctrine of restrictive immunity — Exception to immunity for civil claims in tort — Tort committed in forum State by agents of defendant State — European Convention on State Immunity, 1972 — Article 11 — Whether now reflecting rule of customary international law — Immunity from civil proceedings in respect of acts of armed forces — Article 31 of Convention — Whether such immunity absolute — Whether any exception for war crimes or crimes against humanity violating jus cogens and not directly connected with furtherance of armed conflict — Whether commission of such acts constituting tacit waiver of immunity

State immunity — Jurisdiction — Human rights — Whether State immunity compatible with right of access to courts — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6(1) — Exception to immunity for tort claims in civil proceedings

Human rights — Access to courts — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6(1) — State immunity — Relationship between State immunity and human rights — Nature of prohibition of crimes against humanity — Whether constituting a rule of jus cogens — Whether taking precedence over principle of State immunity

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Crimes against international law — Crimes against humanity and war crimes — Claim for compensation in civil proceedings in tort before municipal courts — Whether commission of such crimes by its armed forces precluding foreign State from relying on State immunity — Whether such exception to immunity now recognized as rule of customary international law

War and armed conflict — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparations — Crimes against humanity and war crimes — Claim for compensation brought by relatives of victims before municipal courts — Atrocities committed by German forces during Second World War — The law of Greece

Position and Functions of Diplomatic Envoys — Domicil of Diplomatic Envoys — Notarial Functions — Belgian Law — Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities — The Official Residence of a Diplomatic Envoy — Exterritoriality.

The individual in international law — Extradition — Procedure — Government required to take opinion of court — Whether Court's opinion binding on Government — Whether conferring any right upon person whose surrender is requested — The law of Belgium.

Human rights — Private and family life — Duty of State to respect — Whether involving positive obligations on part of States — Failure to prosecute sexual assault on mentally handicapped girl — Requirement that victim institute complaint in person — Necessity for criminal law provisions — Whether civil law protection sufficient — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8

Damages — Human rights violations — Degree of responsibility of respondent State for non-pecuniary damage — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50

State Succession — Succession with regard to Obligations Arising from Contract — Liability of Former German Reich as Charterer — Whether Federal Republic of Germany Liable — Set-Off and Counterclaim.

International Conciliation — Conciliation Commission Acting as an Arbitral Tribunal — Supremacy over Municipal Courts — Necessity for Discontinuing Proceedings in Municipal Court.

Extradition — Procedure of — Hearing Before Court of Requested Country — Whether Presence of Accused Required at Hearing — The Law of France.

Belligerent Occupation — Requisitions — Conditions and Validity of — Customary International Law of War — Effect upon Obligations under Municipal Law — Whether Operating as Discharge.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Articles of Agreement of International Monetary Fund — Recognition of currency regulations of member States — Enforceability of exchange contracts involving currency of foreign State and contrary to regulations of such State — Meaning of Article VIII, Section 2 (b) — Nature of obligation imposed on member States — The law of the United States of America.

International organization — Specialized Agencies of United Nations — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement of — Recognition of currency regulations of member States — Enforceability of exchange contracts involving currency of foreign State and contrary to regulations of such State — Meaning of Article VIII, Section 2 (b) — Nature of obligation imposed on member States — Tort suit by foreign bank alleging violation of exchange regulations — Refusal to enforce foreign revenue laws — The law of the United States of America.

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power — Ireland — Constitution of Ireland — Whether exercise of treaty-making power subject to judicial review — Deference due to political judgments of the Executive — Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985 — Whether contrary to Constitution of Ireland

Territory — Northern Ireland — Relations with the Republic of Ireland — Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985 — Creation of Intergovernmental Conference — Recognition of status of Northern Ireland — Right of Government of Republic of Ireland to make representations regarding Northern Ireland — Whether affecting status of Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom — Whether precluding Government of Ireland laying claim to territory of Northern Ireland — Whether Agreement contrary to Constitution of Ireland

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985 — Effect on rights of population of Republic of Ireland — Whether altering rights of population of Northern Ireland — Whether restricting freedom of Government of Ireland — The law of Ireland

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — European Economic Community Treaty, 1957 — Article 12 — Direct effect — Whether Treaty conferring rights on individuals — Whether rights of individuals can be protected in national courts — Supremacy of Community law over conflicting national legislation — New legal order — Member States relinquishing sovereign rights in limited spheres

Economics, trade and finance — European Communities — Customs duties — Interpretation of Article 12 of EEC Treaty, 1957 — Increase in duty after entry into force of EEC Treaty, due to reclassification of product — Whether illegal increase contravening Article 12

International organizations — Whether EEC an international organization — EEC Treaty, 1957, founding Community — Aim of Treaty to create common market — Citizens of Member States intended to benefit from creation of common market — Individuals also intended to benefit from legal rights inherited from EEC Treaty, 1957

International tribunals — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Jurisdiction to interpret EEC Treaty, 1957 — Netherlands administrative tribunal asking Court of Justice to interpret Article 12 — Whether within jurisdiction of Court of Justice of the European Communities

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Enforcement by municipal courts — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Whether conferring rights upon individuals — The law of the European Economic Community