Treaties — Effect upon Third Parties — Communication of a Treaty to a Third Party — Effect of Silence of Third Party — Communication to Holland of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 between the United States and Spain

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and agencies — Bank of Japan — Foreign exchange control procedures — Subjection of international film distribution agreement to authorisation — Non-execution of agreement — Liability of Bank of Japan — Whether Bank of Japan entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of France

States — Recognition of Acts of Foreign States — Acts of Nazi Officials — Repeal of — Effect of.

Aliens — Position of — Protection by national State — Corporations — Requirement that share capital must be owned by nationals of protecting State — British practice.

State responsibility — Kinds of — Responsibility for breaches of contractual obligations — Annulment of contractual obligations incurred by predecessor Government — Penalty deductions improperly made by Imperial Russian Government under contracts with foreign company — Soviet Decree of 1919 annulling claims upon the State in connection with First World War — Claim by foreign company to recover improper penalty payments.

Sea — Piracy — Definition — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, Article 101 — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958, Article 15 — International Maritime Organization’s International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 — Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988 — Use of violence for private ends a requirement of piracy — Meaning — Whether private ends confined to financial gain — Whether violence confined to attacks against people — Environmentalist protests against whaling — Disruption of whaling fleet

Comity — Respect for judgments of foreign courts — Injunction granted by Australian court regarding whaling in the Antarctic — Whether comity requiring United States court to support injunction — United States not recognizing Australian claims in Antarctic

Territory — Antarctic — Australian claim to maritime territory in Antarctic — Australian Whaling Sanctuary in Antarctic — Claims not recognized by United States — The law of the United States

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Whether any customary rule with regard to the immunity of private servants of accredited foreign diplomats from the jurisdiction of municipal courts — The law of Austria

States as intemational persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the executive — Whether municipal courts bound by declaration of executive with regard to entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of diplomats and their servants — Whether municipal legislation providing for such declaration to be binding is unconstitutional — The law of Austria

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — The family and retinue of diplomatic envoys — Private servant of diplomat — Affiliation proceedings — Whether entitled to immunity from jurisdiction — Whether declaration of executive binding on courts under municipal law — Extent of immunity with regard to private servants — Whether any rule of customary international law — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 37 (4) — Extent to which entitlement to immunity left to practice of individual States — Theory of functional necessity — The law of Austria

Court of Justice of European Coal and Steel Community — Procedure — Barristers and advocates — Capacity to appear before Court after being prohibited from practising in national State — Effect of prohibition on validity of prior acts by barrister connected with action before the Court.

Procedure — Request for injunction — Time for making request — Effect of principal action being out of time — Rules of Court, Article 83.

Capacity of parties — Capacity of unincorporated firm to proceed against application to it of trade regulations alleged to be in breach of Treaty establishing Community — Necessity for plaintiff to have status of “producer ” — Effect of Article 80 equating distributing organization with producers for purposes of certain appeals to Court — Whether Article 80 aplicable to actions based upon indirect effects of Articles 65 and 66.

Capacity of parties — Company in liquidation — Law governing legal status and capacity of company — Law applied by Court in determining locus standi of representative of company before it.

International organization — European Coal and Steel Community — Decisions of High Authority — Grounds for grant by Court of suspension of application of decisions — Treaty establishing Community, Article 33 — Distinction between individual and general decisions — Decisions authorizing trade regulations — Retention of private law character of such trade regulations — Decisions indirectly affecting legal validity of actions by individual enterprises — Whether decisions general or individual — Whether decision which is individual with regard to enterprise to which addressed may also be general with regard to third parties — Decision amounting to discrimination against third parties — Violation of Treaty, Articles 15 and 65 (2) — Relevance of alleged violation of Federal German Constitution — Détournement de pouvoir — Violation of substantial procedural requirement — Purpose of obligation of High Authority under Article 15 to give reasons for decisions — Whether Court of Community may consider ex propria motu possible failure to give reasons — Whether insufficient reasons equivalent to absence of reasons for purposes of Articles 15.

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Locally recruited telephonist/receptionist employed by mission of foreign State — Contract of employment — Claim for unlawful dismissal — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Subordinate nature of employment — Whether dismissal of such an employee constituting an act of State — Whether enquiry into lawfulness of dismissal would violate sovereignty of foreign State — Whether courts entitled to exercise jurisdiction over claim relating to purely financial consequences of dismissal — Effect of default of appearance by foreign State — Scope of right of appeal — The law of Switzerland

State Territory — International Canals — Tolls — Fixing of — Judicial Review — The Panama Canal — The Law of the United States of America.

State Responsibility — Denial of Justice — Palpable Miscarriage of Justice — Improper Conduct of Prosecution — Unconscious Susceptibility of Judges to Local Sentiment.

War — Enemy Character — Of Individuals — Persons in Occupied Enemy Territory after Termination of Hostilities — Citizen Resident in Enemy Territory — Right to Sue.

Treaties — Execution of — Cases in which the Performance of the Treaty by the Other Party is Doubtful — The Function of Courts as Distinguished from that of the Political Departments.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Municipal statute giving right of action to seamen suffering personal injuries — Application to alien seaman on foreign flag ship under foreign shipping articles injured outside territorial waters of forum State — Substantial contacts with State of forum — Effect of substantial indirect stock ownership by citizens of State of forum — Where State of forum is base of operations — The law of the United States of America.

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Claim for damages by residents of area restricted to residential occupation — Foreign State operating chancery in residential area — Whether State immune in respect of violation of local zoning laws — Scope of immovable property exception to immunity — Whether operation of chancery constitutes commercial activity — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Over Ports and National Waters — Seamen on Foreign Vessels — Claims for Wages.

State Responsibility — Claims — In General — Agreement to Guarantee Against Claims of Private Persons — Agreement of Sale Between Belligerent Occupant and Government of Occupied Territory — The Law of the United States of America.

Belligerent Occupation — Act of Government of Occupied State — Whether Authorized by Occupying State — Sale of Surplus Property By One State to the Other — Agreement to Guarantee against Claims of Private Persons — The Law of the United States of America

Nationality — Acquisition of — By adoption — Whether adult alien adopted by national acquires nationality of adopter — The law of Spain.

States as international persons — Dependent States — Andorra — Status of Andorran citizens in France — Whether driving licenses issued in Andorra to be regarded as valid in France — The law of France

State immunity — Taxation — Scheme to take advantage of UK tax laws to increase price received by US Treasury for sale of shares — Payment of tax credit on basis of immunity from liability for income tax by reason of sovereign status — Whether such device constitutes abuse of sovereign immunity by justifying revocation of authorisation for payment of tax credit — The law of England

Human rights — Treaties — Reservations — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 64 — Prohibition on reservations of a general character — Requirement that reservations contain brief statement of the law concerned — Interpretation of reservations

Human rights — Freedom of expression — Interference with exercise of right must be prescribed by law and pursue a legitimate aim — States’ margin of appreciation in determining whether interference is necessary in a democratic society and whether there is reasonable proportionality between means of interference employed and legitimate aim pursued — European Convention on Human Rights