International organizations — Officials — Immunity — European Communities — European Atomic Energy Community — Entitlement of officials to immunity from taxation in receiving State — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Communities, 1965, Article 14 — Primacy of rule contained in Protocol over conflicting provisions of domestic law of Member States and treaties concerning double taxation concluded between Member States

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — European Communities Merger Treaty, 1965 — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Communities — Whether prevailing over conflicting municipal legislation of Member States — The law of the Netherlands

Recognition — States — Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (“TRNC”) — Lack of recognition by United Kingdom Government — Effects of non-recognition — Family law — Recognition of foreign divorce — Whether English court entitled to recognize decree of divorce issued in TRNC — Recognition of acts of unrecognized States concerning private rights — Status of the TRNC under the Family Law Act 1986 — Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus — Whether Cyprus exercising effective control over whole island — De facto authority in northern part of island — The TRNC as a defined territory — Whether Republic of Cyprus comprising one country with two territories operating different systems of law — The law of England

Human rights — Arrest and detention — Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment — Summary execution and murder — Causing the disappearance of individuals — Whether contrary to customary international law — Whether customary international law now prohibiting violations of human rights principles committed by a State against its nationals

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — For breaches of international law — Alien Tort Claims Act — Jurisdiction of United States courts for torts against the law of nations committed against aliens — Extent of jurisdiction — Whether jurisdiction extending to violations of any rule of international law — Whether rule must be universally accepted and clearly defined — Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment — Arrest and detention — Summary execution and murder — Causing the disappearance of individuals — Whether constituting violations of the law of nations — Whether jurisdiction extending to a State’s treatment of its own nationals — Whether Alien Tort Claims Act creating cause of action — Federal question jurisdiction — Whether extending to breaches of international law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — Extent of United States act of State doctrine — Whether applicable to acts in violation of international law — Relationship of doctrine to Alien Tort Claims Act

Sources of international law — General — State practice — Treaties — Writings of publicists — Judicial decisions — The law of the United States

War — Armistice — Unconditional Surrender — Effect on Belligerent Rights — Effect on Seizures in Prize — Unconditional Surrender of Germany, 1945.

War on Land — Enemy Property — Seizure of Unfinished Hulls in Shipyard — Whether Liable to Capture in Prize or Private Property on Land.

Prize Law — Prize Courts — Jurisdiction of — Whether Postponement of Seizure in Prize Postpones Jurisdiction of Prize Court — Meaning of Seizure or Capture — Distinction between Seizure and Seizure in Prize — Capture of Enemy Port — Whether Includes Capture of Vessels Therein — Whether Shipbuilding Yard a Port — Unfinished Hulls — Whether Subjects of Capture in Prize or to be Regarded as Private Property on Land — Meaning of Unconditional Surrender — Effect on Continuance of Belligerent Rights — German Surrender of May 8, 1945

Jurisdiction — Exterritorial Operation of Legislation — Foreign Penal Statute — Whether Enforceable by English Courts — Confiscatory Decrees.

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Murder committed in Mexico by United States national — Whether offence within jurisdiction of court in United States — Whether Arizona court acting contrary to international law in imposing death penalty when Mexican law did not provide for death penalty — The law of the State of Arizona

International tribunals — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — Applicable law — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — St Vincent and the Grenadines (“St Vincent”) and Guinea both States Parties to Convention — St Vincent instituting arbitration proceedings in accordance with Annex VII to Convention — 1998 Agreement transferring dispute to Tribunal — Basis of jurisdiction — Tribunal’s competence to examine applicability and scope of national law

Sea — Exclusive economic zone (“EEZ”) — Coastal State jurisdiction over EEZ — M/V Saiga flying flag of St Vincent — M/V Saiga supplying oil to fishing vessels in EEZ of Guinea — Guinea arresting M/V Saiga in EEZ of Sierra Leone — Guinea detaining vessel and crew — Guinea confiscating vessel’s cargo of oil — Guinea prosecuting and convicting Master of M/V Saiga — Guinea naming St Vincent as civilly responsible in schedule of summons — Guinea applying its customs laws to a customs radius which included part of the EEZ — Guinea expanding scope of its jurisdiction in EEZ — Applicability of principles of public interest and self-protection — Whether “other rules of international law” within meaning of Article 58(3) of Convention — St Vincent claiming Guinea violating its rights under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 and general international law

Claims — Admissibility — Guinea’s objections to admissibility of claims of St Vincent — Paragraph 2 of 1998 Agreement — Article 97 of Rules of Tribunal — Whether debarring Guinea from raising objections to admissibility of claims of St Vincent — Guinea contending claims of St Vincent inadmissible on various grounds — Whether M/V Saiga validly registered in St Vincent at time of its arrest — Whether M/V Saiga having Vincentian nationality at time of its arrest — Whether genuine link must exist between M/V Saiga and St Vincent at time of its arrest — Whether requirement that local remedies be exhausted — Relevance of fact that persons in respect of whom St Vincent brought claims were not its nationals — Whether St Vincent having requisite locus standi to bring claims before Tribunal — Whether Tribunal should proceed to the merits

Relationship of international law and municipal law — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Article 91 of Convention codifying well-established rule of international law — Nationality of ships — Exclusive competence of State — St Vincent’s Merchant Shipping Act 1982 — Interpretation — Documentary evidence — Conduct — Relevance — Role of Tribunal in assessment of validity of registration — Guinea applying its laws to EEZ — Whether compatible with Convention

Treaties — Interpretation and application — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Rights of St Vincent in EEZ of Guinea under Convention and international law — Legality of measures taken by Guinea against M/V Saiga — Articles 56(2) and 58 of Convention — Whether bunkering fishing vessels in EEZ freedom of navigation or other lawful use of sea — Whether Guinea entitled to expand its jurisdiction over EEZ — Whether Guinea’s hot pursuit lawful — Whether Guinea’s use of force in making arrest legal — Whether St Vincent having right to obtain prompt compliance with Tribunal’s judgment of 4 December 1997 — Whether St Vincent having right not to be cited before the criminal courts of Guinea

Damages — Whether Guinea liable — Article 111(8) of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Entitlement to compensation — Payment of interest — Appropriate awarding of costs

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Torts causing personal injury — Torture allegedly committed by foreign government on foreign territory — Whether government entitled to immunity in respect of action for injury caused by torture — Whether exception to immunity for acts in violation of international law — Exception to immunity for actions in respect of personal injury caused by acts or omissions inside the United Kingdom — State Immunity Act 1978, Sections 1 and 5 — Ex parte application for leave to serve proceedings out of the jurisdiction

Human rights — Torture — Civil action against foreign government in respect of torture — Whether government entitled to sovereign immunity — The law of England

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — National of receiving State employed by commercial office of foreign State as secretary and administrative officer — Dismissal — Claim for reinstatement and unpaid allowances — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Restrictive theory of immunity — Scope of application to disputes concerning employment contracts — Limitation to cases where there is actual likelihood of interference with performance of sovereign functions — Types of claims involving such interference — Distinction between claims for reinstatement or damages and claims for unpaid allowances

Sources of international law — Customary international law — European Convention on State Immunity, 1972 — Whether evidence of established customary international law — Doctrine of restrictive immunity in relation to employment contracts — Application in State which has signed but not ratified the Convention — The law of Italy

International law in general — Sources — State practice — Draft treaty reflecting State practice — Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1980 — Provisions relating to islands and delimitation of the continental shelf

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Continental shelf — Principles of delimitation — Islands — Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1980 — Joint development of continental shelf area by two States — Jurisdiction in particular parts of the area — Applicable legislation

Disputes — Conciliation — Function of Conciliation Commission — Search for equitable and acceptable settlement — Use of legal principles — Distinction between Commission and court of law Procedure

State territory — Parts of State territory — Continental shelf Principles for delimitation of continental shelf — Islands — Entitlement of island to continental shelf — Relation between continental shelf and economic zone — Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1980 — Relevance — Natural prolongation — Equidistance method — Role of equitable principles — Need to take acount of one State’s need for hydrocarbons — Greater resources and expertise of other State — Joint development of disputed area by the two States Terms of joint development — Jurisdiction within parts of the area — Applicable legislation — Disputes — Conciliation — Function of Conciliation Commission — Procedure — Distinction between Commission and court of law — Search for equitable and acceptable solution — Sources of international law — State practice — Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1980

Belligerent Occupation — Company Domiciled in Occupied Territory — Enemy Character — Transfer of Commercial Domicile to Neutral Territory — Competence to Bring an Action in English Courts.

Enemy Character — Company Domiciled in Occupied Territory — Transfer of Commercial Domicile to Neutral Territory — Competence to Bring an Action in English Courts.

Territory — Boundaries — Principles of delimitation — Delimitation by treaty — Treaty referring to boundary lines in other international instruments — Instruments referred to not binding on one of the parties to the treaty — Whether treaty establishing boundary by reference to other instruments — Principle of stability of boundaries — Treaty of limited duration — Whether boundary established by treaty also of limited duration — Colonial boundaries — Principle of uti possidetis — Application in Africa — Conduct — Estoppel, acquiescence and protest

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles of interpretation — Emphasis on text in context — Object and purpose of agreement — Reference to travaux préparatoires — Whether necessary where textual analysis yields unambiguous meaning — Subsequent conduct of the parties — Effectiveness — Good faith

Treaties — Termination — Treaty of limited duration — Period of treaty's duration coming to an end — Effect on boundary established by treaty

State succession — Treaties — General principles — Boundary treaties — Treaty concluded by Libya after independence referring to treaties concluded between colonial powers at earlier date

Human rights — Scope of application — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Whether extending to constitutional provisions in States — Aims and objectives of the Convention

Human rights — Freedom of association — Political party — Order for dissolution — Whether serving legitimate aim — Whether proportionate and necessary in a democratic society — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 11

Mandates — General Status of — Obligations of the Mandatory — Whether Part of the International Obligations of the Mandated Territory — Responsibility of the Mandatory for Infractions of International Law in the Mandated Territory.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Rivers — Crime committed on British ship when on river in foreign country — Whether British court has jurisdiction — The law of British Guiana

Extradition — Conditions of — Principle of Double Criminality — Evidence of Crime and Principle of Double Criminality — Interpretation of Treaties — Liberal Interpretation — Negotiations Preceding the Treaty — Practical Construction by Governmental Department.

International organization — Officials — Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization — Categories of officials who may bring complaints to Tribunal — Time-limits for bringing complaints — Conversion of fixed-term contract into permanent contract — Abuse of discretionary power — Pressure exerted by member State.

State responsibility — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Individual applications — Exhaustion of local remedies — Remedies in the ordinary courts and whole system of legal remedies available in State — Whether both must be exhausted.

Treaties — Operation of — Exception clauses — European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Article 15 (right of derogation) — Existence of “public emergency threatening the life of the nation” — Whether subject to review by Commission.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Human Rights Commission — Individual applications — Exhaustion of local remedies — Ineffective remedy — Article 17 of Convention — Acts and activities aimed at destruction of rights and freedoms set forth in Convention — Article 15 — Derogations — Article 27 (2) — Whether application “manifestly ill-founded” — Whether application an “abuse of the right of petition” — Limit of power of Commission to consider admissibility of application.

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Sovereign immunity from pre-judgment attachment — Exception of explicit waiver — Requirements and meaning of — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Instrumentality of government — Prejudgment attachment of assets — Sovereign immunity — Exception of explicit waiver of immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, Section 1610(d)(1) — Whether words “prejudgment attachment” necessary as operative formula for waiver — Meaning of term “explicit” — Intention of contractual parties — The law of the United States

Sovereign immunity — Agency of a foreign State — Whether entitled to immunity — Exceptions to the rule of sovereign immunity — The law of Canada