Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Service of Process on Consul — Jurisdiction Not Thereby Acquired — The Law of the United States of America.

Consuls — Position and Functions of — Whether Authorized to Receive Service of Process on Behalf of Sending Government — Foreign States — Exemption from Territorial Jurisdiction — The Law of the United States of America.

Belligerent Occupation — Civilian Inhabitants — Treatment of — Killing of Nationals of Allied States Deported from their Countries — Article 46 of the Hague Regulations.

Laws of War — Subjects of — Civilians as Authors of War Crimes — Civilians Supplying Gas for Extermination of Persons in Violation of Laws of War — German Extermination Camps — Article 46 of the Hague Regulations.

International tribunals — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — Provisional measures of protection — Binding character — Purpose — Jurisdiction — Law of the Sea Convention, 1982, Articles 290 and 297 — Requirement of urgency — Whether power of the Tribunal to order provisional measures different from that of the International Court of Justice

Sea — Fisheries — Conservation — Management of fish stocks — Marine environment — Precautionary principle — Whether part of customary international law — Whether different from a precautionary approach — Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, 1993 — Straddling Stocks Agreement, 1995 — Relevance for application of the Law of the Sea Convention

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Treaty silent on matter in dispute — Inferences to be drawn from absence of specific provisions — General principles of the treaty — Constructive approach to interpretation — Air Services Agreement of 27 March 1946 between United States and France — Alleged breach of treaty affecting United States national — Dispute over interpretation of treaty referred to arbitration — Whether local remedies rule applicable — Reprisals — Legality of counter-measures as a response to breach of treaty — Arbitration — Suitability of question for consideration by Tribunal

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic agents — Immunity from jurisdiction — Object and purpose — Action by domestic servant employed at residence of diplomatic agent — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 31(1) — Whether employment of domestic servant a commercial activity — Relationship between Articles 31(1)(c) and 42 — Domestic servant a victim of trafficking — Diplomatic agent leaving position before hearing — Residual immunity under Article 39 — Immunity limited to acts performed in the exercise of official functions

Human rights — Prohibition of slavery — Trafficking in human beings — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 4 — United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, 2000 (“the Palermo Protocol”) — Whether a norm of jus cogens — Whether overriding diplomatic immunity — Whether provisions of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 to be read in light of the Palermo Protocol

Treaties — Interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Articles 31 to 33 — Application to Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Text — Object and purpose — Travaux préparatoires — The law of the United Kingdom

States as international persons — In general — Continuity of States — Armed rebellion and insurrection — Assertion of authority and control by insurgents over areas of State territory — Presence of UN forces — Non-functioning of courts established by constitution — Whether “doctrine of necessity” justifies departure from provisions of constitution — The law of Cyprus

War and Armed Conflict — Aggression — Prohibition of the unlawful use of force — Charter of the United Nations, Article 2(4) — Criteria for establishing whether use of force unlawful — Standard of proof — Self-defence — Armed attack — Whether actions of armed bands capable of constituting armed attack — Whether requirement of State responsibility — Proportionality — Consent to presence of foreign armed forces — Withdrawal of consent — Great Lakes region — Multiple conflicts — Lusaka Agreement — Duty of non-intervention

War and Armed Conflict — International humanitarian law — Relationship with international human rights law — Protection of civilians — Child soldiers — Responsibility of State for actions of armed forces in breach of humanitarian law

War and Armed Conflict — Belligerent occupation — Criteria for determining whether territory occupied — Duties of belligerent occupant — Hague Regulations on Land Warfare, 1907 — Natural resources — Responsibility of occupant to prevent plunder and exploitation of natural resources of occupied territory — Duty of occupant to protect population of occupied territory

Human Rights — Scope of application of human rights treaties — Application to acts of armed forces of a State outside its territory — Relationship with humanitarian law — Application in occupied territory

Economics, Trade and Finance — Natural resources — Sovereignty of State over natural resources — Occupied territory — Plunder and exploitation of natural resources in occupied territory

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures — Counter-claims — Evidence — Burden of proof — Standard of proof — Credible evidence — Remedies

State Responsibility — General principles — Responsibility of State for acts of armed forces — Responsibility for unauthorized acts by members of armed forces — Fourth Hague Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 1907, Article 3 — Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 1977, Article 91 — Responsibility for acts of armed bands — Duty to make reparation

Territory — Rights and duties of territorial sovereign — Duty of vigilance to prevent use of territory for attacks on neighbouring States

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over Ports and National Waters — Foreign Vessels in — Labour Disputes Between Foreign Nationals — Construction of Statute in Manner which Will Preclude International Discord and Retaliation — The Law of the United States of America.

Extradition — Political crimes — Nature of — As distinguished from banditry — Conditions and procedure of extradition — Under Treaty suspended by existence of state of war — The law of the United States of America.

War — Effects of outbreak of — On treaties — Abrogation or suspension of treaty — Treaty of extradition — Revival pursuant to Peace Treaty — View of Political Department of Government — Weight to be accorded to — Offences committed during suspension of Treaty — Application of revived Treaty to — Conditions and procedure of extradition — The law of the United States of America.

Extradition — Conditions of — Individual convicted in absentia — Under Treaty providing for extradition of convicted persons-Extraditable crimes — Political offences — Procedure — Relevance of probable treatment of individual by demanding State — Respective roles of Court and Executive — Effect of war on Extradition Treaty — Suspension during war — Revival pursuant to Peace Treaty — Offences committed during suspension of Treaty — Application of revived Treaty — The law of the United States of America.

Territory — Water Boundaries — Navigable Rivers — Upland Line.

Nationality — Effects of Changes of Sovereignty — Annexation — German Seizure of Danzig — Non-recognition of Seizure by United States — Effect of.

Belligerent Occupation — Governments established by Occupying Power — Character and Juridical Nature of — Laws Promulgated during Occupation — Laws Extending beyond Limits Laid Down by Article 43 of the Hague Regulations — Inapplicability of Occupation Laws after Re-establishment of Greek State in Full Sovereignty if a New Law made by the Legal Greek Government has not Provided for their Continuance — Application of Laws Existing Prior to Occupation.

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Consular employee — Citizen of receiving State employed as commercial officer — Contract of employment — Termination — Claim for unlawful dismissal — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether employee integrated into organizational structure of foreign State — Whether enquiry by municipal courts into lawfulness of dismissal would infringe sovereignty of foreign State

Consular relations — Consular employee — Commercial officer — Whether performing consular functions — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 5

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Rules of customary international law — Compatibility of rules on State immunity with principles of Italian Constitution — Incorporation of rules of customary international law into municipal law — Article 10 of Constitution — The law of Italy

Belligerent Occupation — Nature and Effects of — Maintenance of Local Law — Jurisdiction — Over Aliens Resident Within Territory — Enemy Aliens — Duties towards State of Residence — Duties towards Home State — Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty — Annexation during Hostilities — German Annexation of Eupen and Malmédy in 1940.

Territory — Water Boundaries — Thalweg in Bays and Lakes.

Effect of War on Treaties — Hague Convention on Civil Procedure — Holland and Germany.

Aliens — Deportation of — Unlawful Entry — Re-Entry from an American Ship Without Touching Foreign Soil — Whether Constituting a New Entry — Territorial Character of Ships.

Territory — Boundaries — Land boundaries — Boundary dispute — Demarcation — Boundary between Iraq and Kuwait — Establishment of United Nations Commission — Task of Commission to demarcate existing boundary — Agreements between Iraq and Kuwait of 1923, 1932 and 1963 — Location of boundary — Difference between demarcation of existing agreed boundary and allocation of territory — Principles of demarcation

Sea — Maritime boundaries — Demarcation — Adjacent States — Boundary between Iraq and Kuwait — Demarcation of maritime boundary by United Nations Commission — Principles — Access to coast from open sea

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Collective security — Powers of Council under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter — Iraq — Security Council Resolution 687 (1991) — Establishment of boundary commission

War and armed conflict — Use of force under authority of United Nations Security Council — Conflict with Iraq following 1990 invasion of Kuwait — Termination of conflict — Grounds for termination — Security Council Resolution 687 (1991) — Demarcation of boundary between Iraq and Kuwait

Nationality — Dual Nationality — Loss of Citizenship Married Women — Minors Entering Enemy Service — The Law of Holland.

State Responsibility — Denial of Justice — Exhaustion of Legal Remedies.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of Preparatory Work — Report to the Council of the League of Nations — Article 250 of the Treaty of Trianon.

League of Nations — Council of — Report under Article 11 — Legal Nature of — Whether Binding upon Mixed Arbitral Tribunals.

Arbitration — Position of Mixed Arbitral Tribunals Instituted under Peace Treaties — Whether Bound by a Report to Council of the League of Nations — Relation to Permanent Court of International Justice — Reliance upon its Judgment.

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Determination of Jurisdiction in limine litis — Mixed Arbitral Tribunal and Report of the Council of the League of Nations — Reservation as regards Sovereignty or Vital Interests — Interpretation of Treaties — Consideration of Preparatory Work — Article 250 of the Treaty of Trianon.