War — In general — Prisoners of war — Persons entitled to treatment as — Geneva Convention, 1949, Article 4 (A) — Persons wearing civilian clothes — Acts of sabotage against non-military building and civilians — Hostilities between Malaysia and Indonesia — The law of Malaysia.

Arbitration — Provisional measures — Standard of jurisdiction required — Prima facie standard — Purpose to safeguard interests of parties — Whether provisional measures appropriate where loss could be compensated by monetary damages

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Privity — Whether mutuality of consent existing — Whether treaty in force at time of claim

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Exhaustion of local and contractual remedies — Differences between international commercial arbitration under treaty and local actions under municipal law — Whether any treaty requirement to exhaust other remedies existing

Economics, trade and finance — Investment — ASEAN Investment Agreement, 1987 — Interpretation — Interpretation of “investment” — Whether direct inward investment from another Member State — Whether investing company effectively managed from State of incorporation — Presumption against loss of treaty protection — Whether investment approved in writing and registered

Treaties — Interpretation — ASEAN Framework Agreement, 1998 — Interpretation of “ASEAN investment” — Relation to 1987 Agreement — Whether intending to amend earlier treaty or operate cumulatively — Whether concepts of investment distinct — Relevance of State practice in ASEAN — Object and purpose of treaty

International Arbitration — Evidence — Boundary Disputes — History of the Controversy — Practical Construction by the Parties.

Boundaries — Water Boundaries — Boundary Disputes — Evidence.

Territory — Boundaries — Acceptance by States involved — Principle of stability of boundaries — Application — Acts evidencing an acceptance of the boundary — Administrative acts — Maps — Absence of formal protest

Territory — Boundaries — Delimitation — Treaty of delimitation — Interpretation — Demarcation — Relationship between delimitation and demarcation — Alleged inconsistency between principles in treaty of delimitation and demarcation on the ground — Whether treaty should prevail — Whether demarcation to be treated as an authoritative interpretation of treaty — 1906 Agreement between Egypt and Turkey regarding boundary between Egypt and Palestine — Demarcation of boundary through construction of boundary pillars — Whether pillars wrongly located — Requirement that pillars be intervisible — Whether departed from — Significance of departure — Whether line as demarcated accepted by States involved — Subsequent reference to line defined by 1906 Agreement — Whether a reference to line as demarcated or to principles contained in the Agreement

Territory — Critical date — Principle of the critical date or the critical period — Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel, 1979 — Description of boundary between Egypt and Israel as “the recognized international boundary between Egypt and the former mandated territory of Palestine” — Effect on critical date — Whether entire Mandate period to be treated as critical period

Arbitration — Competence of arbitration tribunal — Arbitration Compromis between Egypt and Israel, 1986 — Scope of question referred to Tribunal — Boundary dispute — Tribunal required to determine location of boundary pillars — Tribunal required to choose between locations claimed by Parties — Evidence that pillar situated at location other than those claimed by Parties — Principle of relative strength of claims — Reference to “final” pillar — Evidence that final pillar may have been situated at location not claimed by either Party — Effect on competence of Tribunal — Whether Tribunal confronted with non licet — Whether arbitration frustrated — Whether Tribunal required to prevent frustration of arbitration

Arbitration — Compromis — Interpretation — Terms used in Compromis taken from earlier treaty — Whether these terms to be given same meaning in both agreements

Arbitration — Evidence — Recognition of boundary by States — Evidence of acts constituting recognition of boundary — Publication of reference work — Whether an administrative act — Statistical Yearbook published by government

Sources of international law — General — State practice — Acts constituting State practice — Publication of reference work

Sources of international law — Protest and acquiescence — Estoppel — Acceptance of boundary by States over a period of time — Whether precluding subsequent challenge to location of boundary pillars

State succession — Boundaries — Succession of new State to boundaries of former mandated territory — Israel

Treaties — Interpretation — Subsequent conduct of parties — Treaty providing for delimitation of boundary — Whether subsequent demarcation on the ground an authoritative interpretation of the treaty — Effect of subsequent conduct in relation to boundary — Same terms used in two different treaties — Later treaty reflecting language of earlier treaty — Whether terms to be given same interpretation in both agreements

War and armed conflict — Peace treaties — Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel, 1979 — Implementation — Boundary between Egypt and Israel — Arbitration in accordance with Peace Treaty

State Responsibility — Claims — Non bis in idem — Exclusion of Claims Where Claimant Already Compensated by Domestic Tribunal of Defendant State — Exclusion of Claims Based on Refusal to Permit Transfer of Funds Out of Country.

Alien Enemies — Right to Bequeath Property — The Law of the United States.

Aliens — Position of — Right to Bequeath Property — Enemy Aliens — The Law of the United States.

Aliens — Expulsion of — Right to Hearing Prior to Expulsion — Procedure Laid Down by Immigration Regulations — Immigration Regulation Invalid — The Law of Canada.

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Instrumentality of State — Whether acts performed outside scope of official duties attract immunity as acts of instrumentality of State — Acts in violation of international law — Claim by alien for wrongful death resulting from torture by military police — Whether United States courts have jurisdiction over acts performed wholly outside United States by a State against its own nationals — United States Alien Tort Statute — The law of the United States

Recognition of States — Modes of Recognition — Recognition of Czechoslovakia — Whether effected by the Peace Treaties.

Establishment of New State — Time of Coming into Existence of the Czechoslovak State — Effect of the Treaties of Peace — Recognition — How far affected by Treaties.

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Constitutional provisions guaranteeing human rights modelled upon European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights — Interpretation — The law of Antigua

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Whether constitutional provisions protecting human rights apply to corporations — Freedom of expression — Restraints on publication of newspaper — Licence fee — Requirement that newspaper publisher deposit sum of money to satisfy possible libel judgment as condition of publication — Whether unlawful restraints on freedom of expression — Constitution influenced by European Convention on Human Rights and Universal Declaration of Human Rights — The law of Antigua.

Armistices — Object and Effect of — Termination of War — Israel and Lebanon.

War — Termination of — Armistice — Israel and Lebanon.

International Law and Municipal Law — Treaties — Absence of Municipal Legislation — General Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan — Interpretation of — Effect on Private Rights.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over ports and national waters — Foreign vessels — Strike by crew inspired by international trade union — Competence of municipal courts to order termination of strike — Port of Rotterdam

Sea — Ports and national waters — Jurisdiction over foreign vessels — Vessel immobilized in port by strike of crew — The law of the Netherlands

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — European Economic Community Treaty, 1957 — Direct effect — Supremacy of Community law over conflicting national legislation — Conflict between directly effective provisions of Community law and subsequent Act of Parliament — Doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty — Duty of national courts to provide effective remedies for the enforcement of directly effective Community law rights — National court referring question of Community law to Court of Justice of the European Communities — Whether interim relief available pending final judgment in case — Challenge to national legislation — Whether national court required to grant interim relief suspending operation of national legislation pending ruling by the Court of Justice — Relationship between Community law and international law

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Enforcement by national courts — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Remedies — Interim relief — Criteria for granting interim relief suspending Act of Parliament pending ruling by Court of Justice of the European Communities

Nationality — Ships — Right of State to determine whether vessel entitled to be registered in that State and to fly its flag — Requirement of genuine link between vessel and State of registration — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958, Article 5 — Requirement that vessel be owned by nationals of the State of registration resident and domiciled in that State — Requirement that operations of ship be directed from within State of registration — Fishing vessels — European Community law — Whether Community law leaves each Member State free to determine questions of nationality for itself — Whether requirements of nationality and residence for owners of vessels may be made a condition of registration of vessel — Relationship between Community law and High Seas Convention, Article 5 — EEC Treaty, 1957, Article 234 — Merchant Shipping Act 1988

Sea — Fisheries — European Economic Community fisheries policy — System of national quotas — Ships — Nationality — Relationship between Community law, national law and international law — The law of the European Economic Community — The law of England

Treaties — Interpretation — Alternative or Cumulative Obligations.

International tribunals — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — Provisional measures of protection — Binding character — Purpose — Jurisdiction — Law of the Sea Convention, 1982, Articles 290 and 297 — Requirement of urgency — Whether power of the Tribunal to order provisional measures different from that of the International Court of Justice

Sea — Fisheries — Conservation — Management of fish stocks — Marine environment — Precautionary principle — Whether part of customary international law — Whether different from a precautionary approach — Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, 1993 — Straddling Stocks Agreement, 1995 — Relevance for application of the Law of the Sea Convention

Belligerent Occupation — Civilian Inhabitants — Treatment of — Killing of Nationals of Allied States Deported from their Countries — Article 46 of the Hague Regulations.

Laws of War — Subjects of — Civilians as Authors of War Crimes — Civilians Supplying Gas for Extermination of Persons in Violation of Laws of War — German Extermination Camps — Article 46 of the Hague Regulations.

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Treaty silent on matter in dispute — Inferences to be drawn from absence of specific provisions — General principles of the treaty — Constructive approach to interpretation — Air Services Agreement of 27 March 1946 between United States and France — Alleged breach of treaty affecting United States national — Dispute over interpretation of treaty referred to arbitration — Whether local remedies rule applicable — Reprisals — Legality of counter-measures as a response to breach of treaty — Arbitration — Suitability of question for consideration by Tribunal

Recognition of States — Nature of — Conditions of — Elements of.

Boundaries — Absence of Fixed Boundaries — Effect on Jurisdiction — Question of Recognition.

Establishment of New States — Territory of New States — Recognition — Whether Constitutive or Declaratory — Recognition de jure and de facto — Implied Recognition and Recognition by Conclusion of a Treaty — Absence of Recognition by Parent State — Importance of Fixed Boundaries for the Existence of States — The Treaty of Versailles and the Establishment of Poland — Absence of Formal Cession on the Part of Russia.

Human rights — Right to property — Right to respect for home — Greek Cypriot applicant having home, property and possessions in northern Cyprus — Turkish military forces occupying northern Cyprus in August 1974 — Proclamation of “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” — Turkish military forces forcing applicant to abandon her home, property and possessions — Applicant prevented from having access to, use and enjoyment of her home, property and possessions — Applicant lodging application with European Court of Human Rights — Admissibility of case — Whether Turkey lacking jurisdiction ratione temporis and ratione loci — Whether applicant lacking victim status — Whether applicant exhausting domestic remedies — Whether domestic remedy effective or adequate — Whether examination on merits required — Loizidou v. Turkey — Cyprus v. Turkey — Whether Turkey violating Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 and Article 1 of Protocol No 1

State responsibility — Human rights — Applicant alleging violations of her property rights under European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Alleged violations occurring within “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” — Whether Turkey liable for alleged violations — Loizidou v. Turkey — Cyprus v. Turkey — Whether any changes since judgments adopted — Whether Turkey continuing to exercise overall military control over northern Cyprus — Whether any reasons to depart from conclusions in those cases

States — Recognition — Entity proclaimed as State — Proclamation condemned by United Nations Security Council — Entity recognized as State only by one government — Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus — Whether all acts of unrecognized entity to be denied effect

Damages — Pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage — Redress for violations of rights under European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — New remedy proposed by Turkey — Whether new compensation and restitution mechanism satisfying requirements — Failure by parties to reach agreement on just satisfaction — Losses emanating from denial of access and loss of control, use and enjoyment of applicant’s property — Equitable assessment of compensation for applicant

War and armed conflict — Occupation — Turkish intervention in Cyprus in 1974 — Turkish military forces displacing Greek Cypriot applicant from her property in northern Cyprus — Applicant prevented from accessing, using and enjoying her home, property and possessions — Whether Turkey violating applicant’s rights under Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 and Article 1 of Protocol No 1 — Whether violation continuing — United Nations Annan Plan for re-unification of Cyprus — Rejection of Annan Plan by Greek Cypriots — Whether having legal consequences for rights of displaced persons

Human rights — State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Civil proceedings against foreign State for unfair dismissal from employment at embassy — Courts of forum State holding defendant State immune — Whether recognition of immunity involving a violation of right of access to courts — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Employment — Proceedings for unfair dismissal from employment at embassy barred by State immunity — Whether contrary to human rights

Diplomatic relations — Locally employed staff — Dismissal — Whether sending State entitled to State immunity in proceedings for unfair dismissal from employment at embassy