Territory — Annexation of — Meaning of — State Succession — Respect of Private Rights Acquired Prior to Annexation.

Denial of Justice — Exhaustion of Local Remedies — Cases when Not Required.

Nationality of Claims — Claims on Behalf of Nationals of Defendant State — Inadmissibility of.

Measure of Damages — Standards of Valuation — Speculative Enterprises.

State Responsibility — Consequences of — Restitution or Compensation.

State Responsibility — Consequences of — Reparation Due to Claimant Government as Distinguished from Compensation to Private Persons.

State Responsibility — Award of Interest — Dies a quo.

Treaties — Treaties and Third Parties — Acquisition of Rights by Virtue of a Treaty to which the State was not a Party.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Reference to Other Contemporaneous Treaties — Relevance of Unratified Treaties.

Arbitration — Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunals — Competence to Decide on Rights Grounded in Municipal Law.

State Succession — Respect of Private Rights — State Succession and Protection of Contractual Rights — Proof of Private Rights — Respect of Private Rights Acquired Prior to Annexation — Meaning of the Term “Annexation” — Reference to Other Contemporaneous Treaties — Relevance of Unratified Treaties — Acquisition of Rights by Virtue of a Treaty to which the State was not a Party — Incorporation of One Treaty in a Subsequent Treaty — Competence of International Tribunals to Decide on Rights Grounded in Municipal Law — Exhaustion of Local Remedies — Nationality of Claims — Restitution or Compensation — Measure of Damages — Standards of Valuation — Speculative Enterprises — Reparation Due to the Claimant Government as Distinguished from Compensation to Private Persons — Interest.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Reservations — Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954, Article 38 — Exercise of right to make reservations at time of signature of Convention — Declaration by State representative that Article 19 merely to be regarded as a recommendation — Effect of reservation in municipal law — The law of Italy

The individual in international law — Nationality — Statelessness — Exercise of medical profession — Restriction by municipal legislation to nationals and those benefiting from reciprocal agreements — Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954, Article 19 — Obligation to accord most favourable treatment to stateless persons — Reservation made at time of signature under Article 38 of Convention — Effect in municipal law — The law of Italy

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — The United States of America — Human Rights Provisions of Charter of United Nations.

Treaties — Operation and Enforcement of — International Law and Municipal Law — Charter of the United Nations — The Law of the United States of America.

Individuals Position in International Law — Human Rights — Charter of the United Nations — International Law — Relation to Municipal Law.

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Principle of non — recognition of foreign penal legislation — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Appointment by United States court of a receiver to take charge of English assets of company registered in the Bahamas — Appointment of receiver part of proceedings brought by United States Securities and Exchange Commission under Securities Exchange Act — Whether appointment within the jurisdiction of the United States courts — Principle that English courts will not give effect to foreign penal laws — The law of England

Consuls — Position and functions of — Authority to apprehend deserters — The law of the United States of America.

Diplomatic envoys — Position and functions of — Authority to apprehend deserters — The law of the United States of America.

Damages — Human rights violations — Losses liable to compensation — Non-pecuniary losses — Travel expenses — Causation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50

Human rights — Right to respect for family life — Relationship between spouses and children born of union — Whether cohabitation sine qua non of family relationship — Refusal to renew residence permit of foreigner after divorce from wife of respondent State's nationality — Expulsion of foreigner although under-age child living in respondent State with mother — Whether unacceptable interference with family life of father and daughter — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8

Aliens — Expulsion of — Procedure — Review of Deportation Order by Administrative Board — Failure of Board to Exercise its Discretion — Dictation of Decision of Board by Attorney-General — The Law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Context of provisions — General scheme dividing products into those from EEC and those from third countries — Need to interpret this scheme in light of special provisions for German Democratic Republic — The law of the European Communities

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules — As applied by the Court of Justice of the European Communities — Purpose of treaty — 1961 Agreement of Association between EEC and Greece — Meaning of ‘treatment’ in Protocol 14 annexed to that agreement — Whether EEC ‘countervailing charge’ was ‘customs duty or equivalent charge’ within Article 37 (2) (a) of 1961 agreement — The law of the European Communities

Human rights — Discrimination — Sex discrimination — Rights of women to inherit and sell land — Tanzania Haya customary law — Sale of clan land — Customary law permitting only men to sell clan land — Tanzanian Bill of Rights 1984 — Incorporation of Universal Declaration of Human Rights into Bill of Rights — Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 — African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Human rights treaties — Effect in Tanzanian law — Guide to interpretation of Tanzanian Bill of Rights — The law of Tanzania

Consuls — Immunities of — Service of Process — The Law of the United States.

State responsibility — Damages — Measure of — Indirect damages — Nationalization of company — Valuation of shares — Book value at time of purchase shortly before nationalization — Relation of book value to purchase price — Whether purchase price can be considered as fair value — Set — off — Partial compensation received from another source.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Creditors' rights — Debts due to aliens from nationalized corporation — Debts annulled by nationalization decree — Liability of nationalizing Government — Soviet Decree of March 4, 1919 — Denial of justice — Repudiation of Government's own obligation — Interference with contractual relations — Effect of nationalization of corporation party to contract — Frustration and termination of contract — Contract not perpetuated for benefit of nationalizing Government — Whether nationalizing State responsible — Whether a taking of property.

Treaties — Termination — By act of party — In general — System of original treaty replaced by later system — Original treaty listing French West Africa as associated State — Part of French West Africa subsequently becoming the Republic of Guinea — Guinea not participating in the Yaounde — Convention between the EEC and African and Malagasy states — Whether Guinea still to be treated as an associated State by virtue of succession — Whether original scheme of association replaced by Yaoundé — Convention — The law of the European Communities

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — French West Africa described as an “associated State” in the EEC Treaty — Part of French West Africa subsequently becoming the Republic of Guinea — Guinea not participating in Convention of Association between EEC and African and Malagasy States, 1963 — Yaoundé Convention — Whether imports from Guinea in 1971 to be treated as coming from an associated State — The law of the European Communities

War — Effects of Outbreak of — Non-resident Enemy Aliens — Suspension of Right to Sue — Right of Plaintiff Enemy Alien to Apply for Stay of Proceedings.

War and armed conflict — Use of force — Aggression — Crime in international law — Military action in Iraq in 2003 — Whether aggression — Whether justiciable in English courts — War crimes — Protesters taking action against military base — Damage to property — Whether capable of being justified as steps taken to prevent a crime of aggression

International criminal law — Aggression — Whether crime under international law — Absence of agreed definition of aggression — Whether absence of agreed definition indicating aggression not yet an international crime — War crimes — International Criminal Court Statute 1998 — Crimes under municipal law — Whether defendants’ belief that action necessary to prevent international crimes a defence — Whether crimes under international law form part of municipal law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — Whether part of English law — Crimes under customary international law — Whether constituting crimes under municipal law of England — The law of England

Human rights — Movement, freedom of — Right to leave State of nationality — Expression, freedom of — Right to seek, receive and impart information — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966

International tribunals — Competence — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Admissibility of communication — Whether author of communication subject to the jurisdiction of the State Party — Revocation of passport by State of nationality in respect of citizen resident abroad

Nationality — Expatriation — By service in armed forces of foreign State — Constitutionality of deprivation of citizenship — The law of the United States of America.

Expropriation — Public interest — Whether compulsory transfer of property from one individual to another can be in the public interest — Whether in pursuance of legitimate social objective — Residential property let on long lease — Tenant given right of enfranchisement — Landlord required to sell to tenant exercising right of enfranchisement — Price fixed by law below commercial price — United Kingdom Leasehold Reform Act 1967 and subsequent amendments — Compensation in the event of expropriation — Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether embodying right to compensation for owners of expropriated property — Reference to general principles of international law — Whether including international law measure of compensation — Whether requiring same measure of compensation for nationals as well as non-nationals — Discrimination — Whether different treatment of nationals and non-nationals objectively justified

Human rights — Property rights — Compulsory transfer of property from one individual to another — Whether violating Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Scope of right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions — Discrimination — Article 14 of European Convention — Whether differences in treatment objectively justified — Right to a hearing — Article 6(1) — Scope — Whether including right to challenge legislation — Enforcement — Article 13 — Duty of State to provide national remedy — Whether requiring State to incorporate Convention into national law — Whether requiring State to provide procedure whereby legislation can be challenged on grounds of incompatibility with Convention

International tribunals — Procedure — European Court of Human Rights — Applicant raising question not raised before European Commission of Human Rights — Whether within jurisdiction of Court

Treaties — Interpretation — Travaux préparatoires — Use to confirm interpretation arrived at by examination of text — Human rights treaties — General techniques of interpretation — The European Court of Human Rights

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Illegal Acts within the Jurisdiction Combined with Foreign Governmental Action

Belligerent Occupation — Respect for Private Property — Damage to Private Property by Armed Forces of Occupant — Compensation Provided by Occupant — Payment of Compensation Effected by Authorities of Occupied Country — Conditions Governing Payment Imposed by Municipal Authorities — Whether Municipal Courts Competent to Determine Legality of Conditions.

Relationship of international law and municipal law — In general — Whether rights arising between States on plane of international law enforceable in municipal courts — Treaties — Charter of the United Nations — Resolutions of United Nations Security Council — Whether forming part of United Kingdom law — Justiciability — Whether courts of one State entitled to determine rights and obligations of another State under international agreements — Whether decisions regarding foreign policy subject to judicial review

War and armed conflict — Resort to force — Enforcement action — United Nations Security Council resolutions on Iraq — Resolutions 678 (1990), 687 (1991) and 1441 (2002) — Whether authorizing resort to force without a further decision of the Security Council — Whether question justiciable in a United Kingdom court — The law of England