Sovereign immunity — Agencies or instrumentalities of foreign States — Waiver of immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether Russian State-owned entities amenable to suit in United States courts under Section 1605 (a)(2) of the Act for allegedly tortious acts related to commercial activity taking place outside the United States — Whether such acts having “direct effect” in the United States — The law of the United States

Prize Law — Indemnities and Damages — Contraband of War — Claims by Neutral Owners — Freight — Expenses — Agents’ Fees.

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial Effect of Legislation — Bankruptcy — Service of Petition on Foreigner Abroad — Interpretation of Statutes — Whether to be Interpreted Differently in relation to Foreigners.

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Treaties — Applicability of Treaties Prior to Incorporation into Municipal Law — Retroactive Effect of Municipal Laws — Brussels Convention on Salvage of December 23, 1910

Effects of Outbreak of War on Treaties — Treaties of Commerce.

State Succession — Continuation of Laws of Ceded Territory — Territory Ceded by Treaty — The Law of the United States — Unincorporated Territory — The Virgin Islands.

International organization — Officials — I.L.O. Administrative Tribunal — Admissibility of complaints

British Commonwealth of Nations — Subordinate Legislatures — India — Power to Enact Extra-territorial Legislation.

Jurisdiction — Extra-territorial Legislation — British Common-wealth of Nations — Taxing Legislation — Federal Legislature of India — Subordinate Legislatures — Competence of.

Treaties — Operation of — Executive Agreements — Executive Agreement Contravening Previous Statute — Unenforceability in Municipal Court — The Law of the United States of America.

International Court of Justice — Contentious Jurisdiction — Procedure — Intervention — Article 63 of the Statute.

International Court of Justice — Judgments of — Execution of.

Diplomatic Intercourse — Legation Buildings — Asylum in — Termination of Asylum Illegally Granted — Whether Implying Duty to Surrender Person Seeking Asylum — Execution of Judgments of the International Court of Justice — Right of Intervention — Article 63 of the Statute of the Court.

State responsibility — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Individual applications — Exhaustion of local remedies — Appeal open — Relevance of absence of prospect of success — Relevance of existence of alternative remedy — Duty to lodge claims within reasonable time

Treaties — Conclusion of — Entry into force — Applicability to events occurring before entry into force — Principle that treaties have no retrospective effect — Continuing nature of unlawful act — European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles of — Grammatical interpretation — Restrictive interpretation of exceptions — Consideration of preparatory work — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Human Rights Commission — Individual applications — Right of individual to reside in his own country — Freedom of expression — Retroactivity of penal legislation — Competence ratione temporis — Continuing violations — Compatibility of existing legislation with provisions of Convention — Exhaustion of local remedies — Concept of ordinary remedy — Insufficient remedy — Six months' period for application to Commission — Retroactive interpretation — Meaning of term “manifestly ill-founded” — Concept of prima facie violation — Limited power of Commission to examine substance in deciding admissibility.

State territory — In general — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Occupation — Prescription — Acts of sovereignty as basis for claim to sovereignty in derogation of title established by treaty — Effective, notorious and peaceful possession — Possession in good faith and animus domini — Principle of uti possidetis — Plots of frontier land — Boundary Convention between Belgium and the Netherlands, 1843 — Subsequent acts by Netherlands authorities — Relevance of routine and administrative nature of acts — Relevance of absence of protest by Belgium Government.

Treaties — Operation of — Conditions of validity of — Mistake — Effect of — Whether affecting validity of treaty as a whole or only of provision containing error — Burden of proof — Evidence required — Effect of express proviso relating to errors — Comparison of texts of documents relating to same subject — matter — Possibility of error in copying — Relevance of intention of Parties to treaty — Relevance of surrounding circumstances — Effect of failure to challenge relevant treaty provision by Party now seeking to plead mistake — Relevance of length of time treaty in existence and unchallenged — Effect of uncertainty and unresolved discrepancy — Effective and peaceful possession of dispute territory as supplementary evidence of mistake — Boundary Convention, 1843, between Belgium and the Netherlands.

Treaties — Conclusion of — Ratification — Effect of unratified treaty — Treaty ceding land — Whether evidence that title to land is in ceding State — Effect of admission made in course of negotiation.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Rules of — Boundary Convention — Examination of minutes of boundary commission — Belgian — Netherlands Boundary Convention, 1843.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Boundary Convention — Interpretation of — Mixed Boundary Commission set up by Convention — Authority of Commission to delimit territory — Effect of resolution of Commission — Reference in Boundary Convention to earlier Treaty between same Parties — Two Treaties read together — Common intention of Parties — Boundary Convention between Belgium and the Netherlands, 1834 — Treaty of London determining boundaries between Belgium and the Netherlands, 1839.

Arbitration — Evidence — Documentary evidence — Communal Minute in nature of treaty — Effect of non — production of copy by one Party — Authority of only existing copy — Discrepancy between texts of two Minutes — Original text and transcribed text — Which must prevail.

Disputes — Negotiation — Proposals made in course of — No agreement reached — Evidentiary value of proposals in later dispute between same Parties — Admission made during negotiations — Whether Party making admission may later challenge it.

State territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Land boundaries — Determination of — Enclosed areas — Operation of boundary convention — Principle of uti possidetis — Relevance of maps — Examination of work of boundary commission — Belgian-Netherlands Boundary Convention, 1843.

Sea — Continental shelf Offshore — mineral rights — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — Rights of coastal States to explore and exploit the continental shelf — Whether such rights giving rise to proprietary rights in municipal law — Right of Newfoundland to mineral and other natural resources offshore Newfoundland — Whether proprietary rights — Whether acquisition of such rights under municipal law — Newfoundland entering into Confederation — Whether federal or provincial property and jurisdiction — Date at which rights respecting the continental shelf came into existence

Sea — Territorial sea — Rights of coastal State to exploit natural resources — Position of Newfoundland as part of Canada — Whether offshore rights vest in federal or provincial government — Relevance of original status of Newfoundland as a self-governing dominion

States — Dominions of the British Commonwealth — Newfoundland — Whether possessing sovereign rights over territorial sea — Commission for Government of Newfoundland between 1933 and 1949 — Accession to Canada in 1949 — The law of Canada

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial Operation of Decrees — Liquidation of Russian Insurance Companies — Legality of Acts of Liquidator Outside Russia.

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Principle of non — recognition of foreign penal legislation — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Appointment by United States court of a receiver to take charge of English assets of company registered in the Bahamas — Appointment of receiver part of proceedings brought by United States Securities and Exchange Commission under Securities Exchange Act — Whether appointment within the jurisdiction of the United States courts — Principle that English courts will not give effect to foreign penal laws — The law of England

Consuls — Position and functions of — Authority to apprehend deserters — The law of the United States of America.

Diplomatic envoys — Position and functions of — Authority to apprehend deserters — The law of the United States of America.

Territory — Annexation of — Meaning of — State Succession — Respect of Private Rights Acquired Prior to Annexation.

Denial of Justice — Exhaustion of Local Remedies — Cases when Not Required.

Nationality of Claims — Claims on Behalf of Nationals of Defendant State — Inadmissibility of.

Measure of Damages — Standards of Valuation — Speculative Enterprises.

State Responsibility — Consequences of — Restitution or Compensation.

State Responsibility — Consequences of — Reparation Due to Claimant Government as Distinguished from Compensation to Private Persons.

State Responsibility — Award of Interest — Dies a quo.

Treaties — Treaties and Third Parties — Acquisition of Rights by Virtue of a Treaty to which the State was not a Party.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Reference to Other Contemporaneous Treaties — Relevance of Unratified Treaties.

Arbitration — Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunals — Competence to Decide on Rights Grounded in Municipal Law.

State Succession — Respect of Private Rights — State Succession and Protection of Contractual Rights — Proof of Private Rights — Respect of Private Rights Acquired Prior to Annexation — Meaning of the Term “Annexation” — Reference to Other Contemporaneous Treaties — Relevance of Unratified Treaties — Acquisition of Rights by Virtue of a Treaty to which the State was not a Party — Incorporation of One Treaty in a Subsequent Treaty — Competence of International Tribunals to Decide on Rights Grounded in Municipal Law — Exhaustion of Local Remedies — Nationality of Claims — Restitution or Compensation — Measure of Damages — Standards of Valuation — Speculative Enterprises — Reparation Due to the Claimant Government as Distinguished from Compensation to Private Persons — Interest.

Damages — Human rights violations — Losses liable to compensation — Non-pecuniary losses — Travel expenses — Causation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50

Human rights — Right to respect for family life — Relationship between spouses and children born of union — Whether cohabitation sine qua non of family relationship — Refusal to renew residence permit of foreigner after divorce from wife of respondent State's nationality — Expulsion of foreigner although under-age child living in respondent State with mother — Whether unacceptable interference with family life of father and daughter — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8

Aliens — Expulsion of — Procedure — Review of Deportation Order by Administrative Board — Failure of Board to Exercise its Discretion — Dictation of Decision of Board by Attorney-General — The Law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Reservations — Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954, Article 38 — Exercise of right to make reservations at time of signature of Convention — Declaration by State representative that Article 19 merely to be regarded as a recommendation — Effect of reservation in municipal law — The law of Italy

The individual in international law — Nationality — Statelessness — Exercise of medical profession — Restriction by municipal legislation to nationals and those benefiting from reciprocal agreements — Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954, Article 19 — Obligation to accord most favourable treatment to stateless persons — Reservation made at time of signature under Article 38 of Convention — Effect in municipal law — The law of Italy