War — Effects of — Enemy Corporation — Persona Standi in Judicio — Danish Corporation after Liberation of Country.

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Binding Force of Rules of International Law Not Expressly Reproduced in National Code.

Jurisdiction — In Ports — With Regard to Offences on Foreign Vessels — The Law of Argentina — Binding Force of — Rules of International Law Not Expressly Reproduced in Argentinian Code.

Sovereign immunity–Foreign States and state-owned corporations–Contract for construction of gas pipeline containing arbitration clause–Dispute between French contractor and state-owned corporation–Submission to arbitration–Dissolution of state-owned corporation and transfer of assets to foreign State–Whether foreign State replaces corporation as party to arbitration agreement–Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity in arbitral proceedings–Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis–Requirement of close connection between legal relationship and the forum–The law of Switzerland as the procedural law

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Acts of torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment committed abroad by foreign official — Claims for damages by victims under Alien Tort Claims Act — Whether Section 1350 of Alien Tort Claims Act establishes private right of action — The law of the United States

Proof of Nationality — Nature of Proof — Enemy Character.

Enemy Character — Double Nationality — Nature of the Burden of Proof.

Jurisdiction — Exemption from — Privately-owned Vessels Requisitioned within Jurisdiction of Foreign States — Alleged Invalidity of Original Requisition — Relevance of.

War — Prisoners of War — Definition of — Members of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine — Relevance of lack of attachment to any governmental authority — Effect of failure to conduct operations in accordance with laws of war — Jurisdiction to determine status as prisoners — Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, 1949 (Articles 2, 4 and 5) — The law of Israel.

Human rights — Jurisdiction — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — General duty of Contracting States under Article 1 of Convention — Abduction — Extraordinary rendition — Disappearance — Applicant complaining respondent State violating his rights under Articles 3, 5, 8, 10 and 13 of Convention — Preliminary objection raised by respondent State — Whether compliance with six-month time limit under Article 35(1) of Convention — Admissibility of complaints — Obligation of respondent State to ensure individuals within its jurisdiction not subjected to treatment in breach of Article 3 of Convention — Whether respondent State responsible for alleged ill-treatment of applicant by United States’ agents while applicant in respondent State — Respondent State transferring applicant into custody of United States’ authorities — Whether respondent State failing in obligation to assess whether real risk of ill-treatment contrary to Article 3 of Convention — Whether respondent State responsible for alleged ill-treatment of applicant while detained in Afghanistan — Whether respondent State responsible for applicant’s captivity in Afghanistan under Article 5 of Convention — Whether respondent State violating Articles 3, 5, 8, 13 and 10 of Convention

Evidence before international courts and tribunals — European Court of Human Rights — Assessment of evidence and establishment of facts — Standard of proof — Whether approach of national legal systems relevant — Role and approach of Court — Article 19 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Burden of proof — Case law under Articles 2 and 3 of Convention — Whether considerations applying to examination of disappearances under Article 5 of Convention — Allegations under Article 3 of Convention — Relevance of domestic proceedings and investigations — Whether burden of proof shifting to respondent Government — Whether respondent Government discharging burden — Whether applicant subjected to extraordinary rendition by agents of United States Central Intelligence Agency — Whether agents of respondent State assisting — Whether applicant’s allegations sufficiently convincing and established beyond reasonable doubt — Whether respondent State violating Articles 3, 5, 8, 13 and 10 of Convention

Human rights — Prohibition on torture and inhuman and degrading treatment — Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Allegations of ill-treatment by applicant — Admissibility of applicant’s complaints — Procedural aspect of Article 3 — Whether respondent State failing to carry out effective investigation of applicant’s allegations of ill-treatment — Substantive aspects of Article 3 — Whether derogation from Article 3 permitted in difficult circumstances of terrorism — Whether respondent State violating Article 3 on account of inhuman and degrading treatment of applicant in hotel — Whether respondent State responsible for ill-treatment of applicant at Skopje Airport — Whether treatment constituting torture — Responsibility of respondent State with regard to applicant’s transfer into custody of United States’ authorities despite real risk of further ill-treatment contrary to Article 3 — Whether respondent State violating Article 3 of Convention

Human rights — Right to liberty and security of person — Article 5 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Allegations of arbitrary detention by applicant — Whether respondent State violating Article 5 by its own agents and/or foreign agents operating in its territory and under its jurisdiction — Admissibility of applicant’s complaints — Substantive aspect of Article 5 — Whether applicant’s detention in respondent State in conformity with Article 5 requirements — Whether complying with domestic law — Whether applicant having access to representative of German embassy in respondent State — Article 36(1)(b) of Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 — Whether applicant’s subsequent detention in Afghanistan imputable to respondent State — Extraordinary rendition — Whether detention of terrorist suspects by United States’ authorities arbitrary — Whether real risk of flagrant violation of Article 5 rights if applicant handed over by Macedonian authorities to United States Central Intelligence Agency — Whether applicant’s abduction and detention amounting to enforced disappearance under international law — Procedural aspect of Article 5 — Whether effective investigation into applicant’s allegations of unlawful and arbitrary detention — Whether respondent State violating Article 5 of Convention

Human rights — Right to respect for private and family life — Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Applicant separated from family while abducted and detained — Admissibility of applicant’s complaint — Notion of private life — Whether covering person’s moral and physical integrity — Whether extending to situations of deprivation of liberty — Whether interference with applicant’s right in accordance with law — Whether respondent State violating Article 8 of Convention

Human rights — Right to an effective remedy — Article 13 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Applicant complaining of lack of effective remedy in respect of grievances under Articles 3, 5 and 8 of Convention — Admissibility of applicant’s complaints — Whether complaints arguable — Whether criminal investigation effective — Whether any other remedy effective — Requirements of Article 13 — Whether respondent State assessing risk of ill-treatment before transferring applicant to United States Central Intelligence Agency agents — Whether respondent State violating Article 13 of Convention

Consular relations — Right to consular access — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 36(1)(b) — Applicant’s detention in respondent State — Whether complying with Article 5 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether complying with domestic law — Whether complying with international law — Whether applicant having access to representative of German embassy in respondent State — Whether respondent State violating Article 5 of Convention

Terrorism — Investigation of terrorist offences — Extraordinary rendition — Arbitrary detention — Whether detention of terrorist suspects by United States’ authorities arbitrary — Macedonian authorities handing over applicant to agents of United States Central Intelligence Agency — Whether real risk of flagrant violation of applicant’s rights under Article 5 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether applicant’s subsequent detention in Afghanistan imputable to respondent State — Whether respondent State violating Article 5 of Convention

Damages — Non-pecuniary damage — Serious violations of several provisions of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether applicant suffering non-pecuniary damage — Whether finding of violations sufficient — Article 41 of Convention

Treaties — Definition of treaty — Undertaking by Member States of European Communities to provide funds for supplementary budget — Whether a treaty — Whether ancillary to existing Community Treaties — Whether inconsistent with Community treaty provisions regarding financing of the Communities — Effect of treaties in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — United Kingdom Treaty of Accession, 1972 — Effect of the Community Treaties in United Kingdom — European Communities Act 1972 — Definition of Community Treaties for purposes of Act — Power to declare a treaty ancillary to the principal Community Treaties to be a Community Treaty Undertaking on financing for supplementary Community budget — Whether reasonably capable of being regarded as a treaty ancillary to the Community Treaties

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957, and subsequent Community Treaties — Effect in the United Kingdom — European Communities Act 1972 — The law of England

Human rights — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Reservations — Validity of reservation — Remedies — Whether compensation payable for violation of fundamental human rights

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Human rights — Constitution of India, 1950 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Reservations — Validity of reservation — The law of India

State responsibility — Claims — Award of interest — In general — Whether a matter of contract — Whether interest a part of duty to make full reparation — Rate of interest — Period during which interest runs.

Minorities — Regional Protection of — Geneva Convention of May 15, 1922 — Articles 69 and Others — Minority Schools — Language Declarations.

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal jurisdiction — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — National in government service — Charged with crime committed abroad — Whether Courts have jurisdiction to try the matter — Whether jurisdiction a matter of procedure — The law of Malawi

Recognition — Of Governments — Standing in Court of Unrecognised Government — Effect of Non-Recognition — Capacity to Sue — Recognition in the Interval between the Judgment and the Hearing of the Appeal — Signature of Treaty and Reception of Diplomatic Representatives — The National Government of China.

Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Subordinate members of diplomatic staff — Criminal proceedings — Waiver of immunity by diplomatic agent — Relevance of approval of diplomat's Embassy — The law of Argentina.

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom to travel abroad — Aliens — Right of aliens to travel abroad and re — enter Japan — The law of Japan

State Succession — In Respect of Legislation — Annexed Territory Reverting to Independent Status — Re-emergence of Independent Austrian State — Non-Applicability of German Tax Laws — Concessions thereunder — Right to such Concessions after Re-emergence of Austria

Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of receiving State — Protection — Assaults on aliens — Political motive — Severe punishment — The Law of the People's Republic of China.

State responsibility — Nature of — In general — Responsibility for consequences of starting war — Restitution Law applied in Federal Republic of Germany — Whether starting of war by Germany in 1939 is a" default" of the Reich within Restitution Law — Responsibility of Reich for acts of United States military authorities in Germany prior to German surrender.

State responsibility — Nature of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts of rioters and private individuals — Relevance of encouragement of private acts by agencies of Government — Relevance of negligence by Government in not anticipating or preventing private acts — Imputability — The law of Germany.

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Incorporation of international convention into municipal law — Whether enabling legislation required — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — Presumption that legislator intends to avoid conflict with international law — The law of Switzerland

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — The principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Grand Duchy of Baden — Switzerland Convention on Rhine Navigation, 1879 — Convention of Mannheim on Rhine Navigation, 1868 — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Incorporation of international conventions into municipal law — Whether enabling legislation required — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — Presumption that legislator intends to avoid conflict with international law — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Objectives of treaty as defined in preamble — Travaux preparatoires — Subsequent practice of political and administrative authorities in Contracting State — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Clear text — Ordinary meaning — Intention of the parties — Travaux préparatoires — Extensive interpretation — Context — Objectives of treaty — Preamble — Principle of effectiveness — Principle of good faith — Subsequent practice of political and administrative authorities in Contracting State — Incorporation of treaties into municipal law — Whether enabling legislation required — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — Presumption that legislator intends to avoid conflict with international law — Principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Grand Duchy of Baden-Switzerland Convention on Rhine Navigation, 1879 — Convention of Mannheim on Rhine Navigation, 1868 — The law of Switzerland