No significant relationships.

There are several sets of skills first set of skills which psychiatrists should acquire before or as early as possible after starting their career. THe first of those are communication skills – including those of listening, speaking clearly and convincingly, negotiating and writing scientific and other types of documents. A second set of skills are those that will enable psychiatrists to understand and use legal documents and materials. The third set of skills that is likely to be useful are skills necessary to function as a physician. These sets of skills combined with the knowledge of the subject of psychiatry should help in building a career in any of the areas open to psychiatrists.. Yet, more important than any of the skills or bits of knowledge that a candidate psychiatrist should have to build a career and be happy with it are the motivation to do psychiatry and the acceptance of a style of work marked by empathy, willing acceptance of ethical principles of medicine and if at all possible infectious optimism. The above array of skills, knowledge style of work are not easily developed and those educating future psychiatrists should be careful in their selection of trainees and resourceful in the provision of training that will create psychiatrists who can advance the health of their patients as well as their discipline and will have a chance to live a rewarding life.

No significant relationships.

Available evidence shows that countries may shield their population’s exposure and vulnerability to mental health risks during and after an economic recession by strengthening their policies and reorienting their budgets. Populations’ mental health protection during economic crises can only be achieved by the policies of different sectors. Social protection, social programmes and social safety nets proved to be fundamental buffers against inequalities in mental health. Several actions have proven to be effective in this area, including measures to improve social protection, reduce income inequalities, and mitigate the impacts of unemployment. To address the negative consequences of unemployment, active labour market programmes, including special programmes for unemployed young people and families, programmes to promote the employment of people with disabilities, and debt relief programmes should be implemented. The response of the health system is critical. During and after economic recessions, it is fundamental to ensure the responsiveness and effectiveness of the mental health system. To attain this goal, mental health services that are closer to the populations and that facilitate the early identification of mental health problems and the implementation of integrated interventions should be strengthened. The latter is a crucial approach to tackle the mental health problems that more often worsen in periods of economic instability, such as depression, suicidal behaviour and heavy drinking. A special attention should also be dedicated to strengthening the network of community-based mental health services, promoting the integration of mental health in primary care, and enhancing the coordination between mental health services and social care.

No significant relationships.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a detrimental impact not only on the ordinary lives of people worldwide, but also on the access to mental health care system. In particular, in the first months of the global health emergency, a drastic reduction in the number of access to healthcare system has been recorded. In the “Phase 1” of the emergency, the fear for the contagion, the strict containment measures and the lack of adequate information regarding the virus have been listed as possible factors contributing to this phenomenon. In the “Phase 2”, mental health care has been completely reorganized in order to compile with requirements for physical distancing and reducing overcrowding. The visits in outpatients’ units have been rescheduled, healthcare professionals have received information regarding the adequate use of protective personal equipment and patients have learnt how to protect themselves. Furthermore, telemental health approaches have been fostered worldwide, although several obstacles still persist such as the lack of adequate training for healthcare professionals for using telemental health instruments, the uncertainties regarding the legal implications of telemental health and the difficulties for older patients to access those systems. During this critical period, mental healthcare systems have been proven to be resilient. The pandemic has speed up the process of transformation of mental health care system and we are learning how to further improve the system in order to sustain these changes in the long-term.

No significant relationships.

Psychiatry is facing major challenges during times of a pandemic as illustrated by the current COVID-19 pandemic. The challenges involve its actual and perceived role within the medical system, in particular how psychiatric hospitals can maintain their core mission of attending to the mentally ill while at the same time providing relief to general medicine. Although psychiatric disorders are the top leading causes of global burden of disease, we can witness mental health care being de-emphasized in the wake of the massive onslaught of the pandemic: psychiatric wards are being downsized, clinics closed, psychiatric support systems discontinued etc. in order to make room for emergency care. While nobody can deny the need to act decisively and swiftly and ramp up intensive care readiness, we believe that there is no need to do this at the expense of psychiatric care. Using the pandemic COVID-19 contingency plan developed at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University Hospital of LMU Munich as a case in point, we demonstrate how a psychiatric hospital can share in the acute care of a health care system facing an acute and highly infectious pandemic like COVID-19 and at the same time provide for the mentally ill, with or without a COVID-19 infection, and develop mid and long-term plans for coping with the aftermath of the pandemic.

No significant relationships.

Precision medicine is “an emerging approach for treatment and prevention that takes into account each person’s variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle” [1]. The terminology is increasingly used in psychiatry, and especially in research relevant to the prediction of psychosis onset, response to treatment and functional outcome. While this is an important step-forward for the discipline, at this stage it is very important to promote the translation of research findings into clinical practice, as much as possible. Nowadays the availability of machine learning and artificial intelligence tools, together with advances in data storage and data security, enable the integration of neuroimaging, biological, clinical and cognitive data. By overcoming current limitations in multiple domain data analysis these tools may lead to the identification of reliable diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic markers in routine clinical care, as well as to the prediction of clinically meaningful outcomes (e.g., psychosis onset, symptomatic and functional outcome, and treatment response). Precision medicine in psychiatry is a developing science, deserving further large-scale research, translational approaches and refinement that, hopefully, will soon be an integral part of every-day clinical practice. However, challenges in pursuing this strategy should not be underestimated, and efforts should be made to constantly advocate for more investments in human and financial resources in psychiatry, and to concentrate on the use of widely available and not too expensive and time-consuming methods.1 Toward Precision Medicine. Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.

No significant relationships.

Genome-wide Association Studies in Psychiatry - Current Perspectives Last decade was exciting time for human genetic studies. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs), used to examine the association of genotyped variants across the entire genome and common complex phenotype(s), have led to many findings. Currently, GWAS Catalogue has collected 4,809 publications and 227,262 associated variants. In recent years, psychiatric genetics has enjoyed some success in discoveries of associated variants. This mostly happened because researchers were able to unite and generate large sample sets of patients and healthy controls in big consortia. As a result of large sample sizes becoming available for meta-GWASs, some of the first genome-wide significant loci in psychiatric and related neurodevelopmental traits were detected. However, most of the large-scale genetic studies are done primarily on European population and GWASs have huge diversity problem. Performing trans-ethnic GWASs on psychiatric traits can help us discover more associated variants. Another advantage of bringing many datasets together into large-scale meta-analyses is the ability to conduct cross-disorder studies. This is possible to be done on psychiatric traits since many of them share genetic liability. However, little research has been conducted on the genetic differences between related psychiatric traits. Identifying disorder-specific variants remain important open question. In this presentation we will bring an update of recent findings and current state of the art methods and analyses.

No significant relationships.

Prognostication is at the bedrock of clinical practice. In essence, diagnosis aims to inform clinicians for decision-making processes by providing a picture of future events such as course, outcome, and treatment response. To make a better clinical prediction on a case-by-case basis, diagnosis is enriched by individual characteristics and (bio)markers, with the aims of stratifying patients first and ultimately reaching the mountaintop: personalized medicine. However, there are two major obstacles on the road to personalized psychiatry. First, the current psychiatric diagnostic classification system is inadequate for tailoring individualized management plan, let alone for guiding the clinician for diagnosis-specific treatment selection—such that response to the same treatment plan largely varies among patients with the same psychiatric diagnosis, whereas patients with different psychiatric diagnoses benefit similarly from the same treatment protocol. Second, except for a few tests for ruling out other medical conditions, there exists no diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive (bio)marker in psychiatry. Risk profiling is even a more challenging and ambitious goal as early psychopathology is multidimensional, fluid, and pluripotent with heterotypic outcomes that cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries. By acknowledging this complexity and the shortcomings of current taxonomy, the field has recently shifted from risk profiling frameworks that rely on discrete diagnostic categories in isolation for prognostication (i.e. clinical high-risk for psychosis) to transdiagnostic clinical staging models. In this session, I will attempt to discuss where we are at with risk profiling in psychiatry and what steps need to be taken to achieve this ambitious goal.

No significant relationships.

Prevention of the First Episode of Psychosis: What Have we Reached by 2021? The first episode of psychosis is usually preceded by a prodromal period or stage of psychosis, where early signs of symptoms indicating onset of first episode psychosis (FEP) occur. In the last twenty years, enormous progress was made in the tretment of FEP and subsequently schizophrenia, as the focus of treatment of FEP shifted to this prodromal period with the aim of preventing the first episode of psychosis in people at risk.Treatment for the prodromal stage of psychosis is provided within specialized early intervention services, which are somtimes part of the services for the treatment of FEP. Early intervention services, which have been gradually developed in many countries worldwide, usually incorporate multimodal treatment approaches (pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and psychosocial interventions). However, there are still many differences in the treatment of prodromes across early intervention services, even within one country, leaving open the questions on what kind or combinations of treatments really work in the prevention of FEP. The methods of studies in the scientific psychiatric literature do not allow easy translation of scientific data to clinical practice. In the presentation, an up-to-date overview of the available treatments offered witin early intervention services for prevention of FEP is given.

No significant relationships.

The 2020 coronavirus pandemic sparked sudden change in all spheres of life, not least health services. Across Europe clinical research had to adapt. The virus peaked in different places at different times, with London’s first wave in March-May. The National Institute for Health Research paused all face to face research at NHS and social care sites except for nationally prioritised Urgent Public Health (UHP) Covid-19 studies. The first UPH studies focused on acute Covid-19, largely in physical health settings. Research leaders quickly highlighted the need for high quality research data on the effects of the pandemic on the mental health of the general population, as well as the mental health and neuropsychiatric effects of the virus itself, to allow for the development and evaluation of mitigation strategies. The major UK research funders have resourced this. Once the first wave abated, paused research was restarted according to national prioritisation guidance. In Maudsley we worked closely with research teams to develop strategies to make our research programmes as Covid-19 adaptive as possible, maximising remote interaction with research participants, with robust infection prevention procedures if face to face meetings were necessary. Examples of innovative strategies will be shared. In January 2021 with the more transmissible variant of SARS CoV2, face to face research paused again, except where risk was outweighed by patient benefit in continuing. As patients benefit hugely from research and innovation and have better outcomes if treated in ‘research-active’ hospitals, maintaining access to research opportunities without increasing risk of contracting Covid-19 will be key in coming months.

No significant relationships.

The COVID-19 outbreak has left its mark on the work of mental health care staff. Many professionals had to radically change their working conditions or were delegated to work in different facilities, in many cases taking on different responsibilities with little time for training. Many psychiatrists overnight had to partially or fully start working within telemedicine. Due to the lockdown, psychiatric trainees in many countries were not able to complete their training as planned. The measures taken by the governments to limit the impact of the pandemic also affected the capacity to conduct research studies and directions of new research initiatives. Dr. Gondek will present the results of the EPA ECPC-EFPT Cross-sectional survey on the effects of the outbreak on work and wellbeing of Early Career Psychiatrists in Europe.

No significant relationships.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Its primary clinical features include symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, although young people often present with emotional dysregulation, excessive mind-wandering and executive dysfunction. Symptoms of ADHD often persist into adulthood together with high rates of comorbidity and significant psychosocial impairment across the lifespan. Berry, Shaywitz and Shaywitz proposed over 30 years ago that girls with ADHD form a ‘silent minority’ with greater internalized behavior which leads them to be under-identified. Even when referred for clinical assessment, their ADHD symptoms are missed or misdiagnosed for other conditions such as anxiety, depression and personality disorder. This means they will not receive the treatment they need. Compared with controls, they may be especially vulnerable to childhood adversities and health problems and they may cope with these difficulties with dysfunctional strategies (eg. with substance misuse and/or deliberate self-harming behaviours). If we are to enhance long-term outcomes in girls and women with ADHD, healthcare practitioners need to better understand the presentation of ADHD in females, improve detection and assessment of ADHD in order that they may access appropriate treatment. This workshop will focus on the differences in presentation and outcomes between males and females with ADHD.

No significant relationships.

Decades of neuroimaging research in attention/deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have yielded a few apparently firm findings and many open questions. The long-term objective of these efforts is to uncover the underlying brain pathophysiology of the disorder, to reveal reliable biomarkers of prognosis and treatment response, striving for personalized medicine. Unfortunately, neuroimaging research in ADHD and other psychiatric disorders is still unable to inform clinical practice. This presentation will provide an up-to-date overview of neuroimaging in ADHD, highlighting the most promising results and current challenges of structural and functional research with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Evidence from large, multicentric studies and from highly-sophisticated resting-state functional MRI techniques will be presented; methodological and reproducibility limitations in current literature will be introduced, and the way forward to bring this area of research closer to clinical practice with patients with ADHD will be discused. Dr. Pereira-Sanchez is conducting original research using resting-state functional MRI to study potential correlates of treatment response to stimulants in children and adolescents with ADHD; he has also recently published two literature reviews of MRI studies in ADHD.

No significant relationships.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, with an estimated prevalence of 2.8% in adults. It is frequently comorbid with other mental disorders and may significantly affect global functioning, leading to stigma and social discrimination. Despite its widespread occurrence in adults, many general psychiatrists do not feel well prepared to diagnose and manage this disorder. Psychiatry training curricula rarely include rotations in specialized ADHD clinics for adults or specialized courses during residency, and in many European countries such specialized clinics for adults or the most recommended medications, are not even available. It makes the recognition and treatment of ADHD often overlooked, unless it has been diagnosed in childhood. Dr. Gondek will demonstrate the diagnostic process of ADHD in adults and main directions for differential diagnosis in cases of a complex clinical picture.

No significant relationships.

Adults with ADHD describe self-medicating with cannabis. A small number of psychiatrists in the US prescribe cannabis medication for ADHD, despite there being no evidence from trials. The EMA-C trial (Experimental Medicine in ADHD-Cannabinoids) was a pilot randomised placebo-controlled experimental study of a cannabinoid medication, Sativex Oromucosal Spray, in 30 adults with ADHD. The primary outcome was cognitive performance and activity level using the QbTest. Secondary outcomes included ADHD and emotional lability (EL) symptoms. From 17.07.14-18.06.15, 30 participants were randomly assigned to the active (n=15) or placebo (n=15) group. For the primary outcome, no significant difference was found in the intent-to-treat analysis although the overall pattern of scores was such that the active group usually had scores that were better than the placebo group (Est=-0.17,95%CI-0.40-0.07, p=0.16, n=15/11 active/placebo). For secondary outcomes Sativex was associated with a nominally significant improvement in hyperactivity/impulsivity (p=0.03) and a cognitive measure of inhibition (p=0.05), and a trend towards improvement for inattention (p=0.10) and EL (p=0.11). Per-protocol effects were higher. Results did not meet significance following adjustment for multiple testing. One serious (muscular seizures/spasms) and three mild adverse events occurred in the active group and one serious (cardiovascular problems) adverse event in the placebo group. Adults with ADHD may represent a subgroup of individuals who experience a reduction of symptoms and no cognitive impairments following cannabinoid use. While not definitive, this study provides preliminary evidence supporting the self-medication theory of cannabis use in ADHD and the need for further studies of the endocannabinoid system in ADHD.

During this work-RC was a Ph.D. student funded by a grant to PA from Vifor Pharma. PA received funds (consultancy/sponsored talks/research/education) from Shire, Lilly, Novartis, Janssen, PCMScientific, Vifor Pharma, QBTech. Sativex was free from GW Pharm

Disgust is a basic emotion characterized by the feeling of revulsion and evoked by unpleasant stimuli such as contaminated food, poor hygiene and contact with sick or dead organisms. Disgust is a contributing factor to the development of several mental disorders including anxiety disorders (AD). Several studies have tried to explore the relationship between disgust and eating disorders (ED), with heterogeneous findings. Subjects with ED showed a heightened level of disgust sensitivity (DS) when compared with healthy controls (HC).

Our study aims to evaluate levels of disgust and anxiety in ED, AD and HC in order to assess associations between these two emotions.

We enrolled 74 patients admitted to Psychiatric Unit of Careggi, 41 with diagnosis of Eating Disorder, 33 with Anxiety Disorders, and 40 healthy controls. We administered to all groups: Zung Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) and Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-revised (DPSS-r).

Both patients with anxiety disorders and eating disorders showed higher levels of disgust propensity and sensitivity than healthy controls. Moreover, there was no significant differences in anxiety, Disgust Propensity (DP) and Disgust Sensitivity levels between patients with eating disorders and anxiety disorders. Among healthy controls there was a significant association between DS and Anxiety levels (B: 0.579, T:3,416 p:0,001).

Anxiety and disgust are typical emotions of anxiety disorders and eating disorders. However, they are increased both in anxiety and eating disorders and they are associated in healthy controls. The nature of this association needs to be deeply investigated.

No significant relationships.

Several studies demonstrate that disgust, defined as a revulsion response aimed at distancing an individual from a potentially harmful or noxious stimulus, is linked to post-traumatic stress following sexual trauma even when accounting for associated fear and anxiety. One of the suggested mechanisms implicated in this association is a feeling of mental contamination. Recent neuroimaging studies demonstrated that exposure to contamination activates the insular cortex. In addition, disgust sensitivity correlates with the activation of the insular cortex.

We aimed to investigate the psychopathological role of the emotion of disgust in the developement of anxiety symptoms in patient with an history of abuse.

We enrolled 84 patients admitted in Psychiatric Unit of Careggi with diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders. We administered to them: Zung Anxiety Scale (ZSAS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-revised (DPSS-r).

Results showed a significant mediation of the association between CTQ emotional abuse scores and total ZSAS scores via DPSS disgust sensitivity scores in patients with anxiety disorders (p=0.022). Total effect and indirect effect of emotional abuse on severity of anxiety symptoms were significant (total effect = 0.494; p=0.051, indirect effect: 0.256, p=0.022), while there was no significant direct effect from emotional abuse to anxiety symptoms in the total model (direct effect: 0.237, p=0.356). The model explained 18% of variance in anxiety symptomatology (R2=0.18).

Such preliminary data suggest a possible mediating role of disgust in development and maintenance of childhood abuse-related anxiety, making it a potential target for psychotherapy.

No significant relationships.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasite that is estimated to be carried by one-third of the world population. While evidence has been found for a relationship between T. gondii infection and schizophrenia, its relationship with other psychiatric disorders like depressive and anxiety disorders shows inconsistent results.

The aim of the present study was to examine whether T. gondii seropositivity is associated with affective disorders, as well as with aggression reactivity and suicidal thoughts.

In the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), T. gondii antibodies were assessed in patients with current depressive (n=133), anxiety (n=188), comorbid depressive and anxiety (n=148), and remitted disorders (n=889), as well as in healthy controls (n=373) based on DSM-IV criteria. Seropositivity was analyzed in relation to disorder status, aggression reactivity and suicidal thoughts using multivariate analyses of covariance and regression analyses.

Participants were on average 51.2 years (SD = 13.2), and 64.4% were female. Seropositivity was found in 673 participants (38.9%). A strong positive association between T. gondii seropositivity and age was observed. No significant associations were found between T. gondii seropositivity and disorder status, aggression reactivity and suicidal thoughts. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for any remitted disorder versus controls was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.87-1.49), and for any current disorder versus controls was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.69- 1.28).

No evidence was found for a relationship between affective disorders and T. gondii infection

No significant relationships.

The association between lithium and thyroid dysfunction has long been known. Yet it is not known whether lithium-associated hypothyroidism is reversible, once lithium treatment has been stopped.

To determine whether lithium-associated hypothyroidism was reversible in patients who subsequently discontinued lithium.

Retrospective cohort study in the Swedish region of Norrbotten into the effects and side- effects of lithium treatment and other drugs for relapse prevention (LiSIE). For this particular study, we reviewed medical records between 1997 and 2015 of patients treated with lithium.

Of 1340 patients screened, we identified 90 patients with lithium-associated hypothyroidism who subsequently discontinued lithium. Of these, 27% had overt hypothyroidism at the time when thyroid replacement therapy was initiated. The mean delay from lithium start to thyroid replacement therapy start was 2.3 (SD 4.7) years. Fifty percent received thyroid replacement therapy within 10 months of starting lithium. Of 85 patients available for follow up, 35 (41%) stopped thyroid replacement therapy after lithium discontinuation. Six patients reinstated thyroid replacement therapy subsequently. Only one of these had overt hypothyroidism, occurring 13 days after stopping lithium and 11 days after stopping thyroid replacement therapy.

Lithium-associated hypothyroidism seems reversible in most patients, once lithium has been discontinued. In such cases, thyroid replacement therapy discontinuation could be attempted much more often than currently done. Based on the limited evidence of our study, we can expect hypothyroidism to recur early after discontinuation of thyroid replacement therapy if at all.

MO: scient adv. board member Astra Zeneca Sweden; UW: educ. activities Norrbotten Region: Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Otsuka/Lundbeck, Servier, Shire and Sunovion. All others: none.

There is a lack of longitudinal studies of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) or unipolar depression (UD) in terms of psychological well-being as measured by the WHO-5 and the correlation to symptom scores. It is of interest to investigate whether the WHO-5 is useful in monitoring patients with mood disorders over time, as a tool in measurement-based care, and as a supplement to other psychometric measures.

In this study we investigate the correlation at baseline between the depressive symptom scores according to the 6-item Hamilton Depression Score (HDS-6) and the WHO-5 scores in outpatients treated for BD or UD. Furthermore, in patients with BD we investigate correlations between manic symptom scores according to the modified Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale (MAS-M) and the WHO-5 scores. Lastly, in patients with BD or UD, we investigate the correlations between endpoint-baseline change in WHO-5 and change in MAS-M and HDS-6.

A longitudinal study of 200 outpatients diagnosed and treated for either BD or UD. Patients will be measured at baseline and at least four weeks later. Baseline data are presented as frequencies, means and standard deviations or medians with interquartile ranges as appropriate. All correlations are presented as scatter plots and a Spearman correlation analysis

The study is ongoing, but the results will be available for presentation at the EPA in 2021.

The WHO-5 may represent a relevant outcome measure in the treatment of BD and UD.

No significant relationships.