In this paper, we show that the Hénon map $\varphi _{a,b}$ has a generically unfolding cubic tangency for some $(a,b)$ arbitrarily close to $(-2,0)$ by applying results of Gonchenko, Shilnikov and Turaev [On models with non-rough Poincaré homoclinic curves. Physica D 62(1–4) (1993), 1–14; Dynamical phenomena in systems with structurally unstable Poincaré homoclinic orbits. Chaos 6(1) (1996), 15–31; On Newhouse domains of two-dimensional diffeomorphisms which are close to a diffeomorphism with a structurally unstable heteroclinic cycle. Proc. Steklov Inst. Math.216 (1997), 70–118; Homoclinic tangencies of an arbitrary order in Newhouse domains. Itogi Nauki Tekh. Ser. Sovrem. Mat. Prilozh. 67 (1999), 69–128, translation in J. Math. Sci. 105 (2001), 1738–1778; Homoclinic tangencies of arbitrarily high orders in conservative and dissipative two-dimensional maps. Nonlinearity 20 (2007), 241–275]. Combining this fact with theorems in Kiriki and Soma [Persistent antimonotonic bifurcations and strange attractors for cubic homoclinic tangencies. Nonlinearity 21(5) (2008), 1105–1140], one can observe the new phenomena in the Hénon family, appearance of persistent antimonotonic tangencies and cubic polynomial-like strange attractors.

We introduce topological pressure for continuous actions of countable sofic groups on compact metrizable spaces. This generalizes the classical topological pressure for continuous actions of countable amenable groups on such spaces. We also establish the variational principle for topological pressure in this sofic context.

We compute the Poisson boundary of locally discrete groups of diffeomorphisms of the circle.

We prove the following dichotomy for vector fields in a $C^1$-residual subset of volume-preserving flows: for Lebesgue-almost every point, either all of its Lyapunov exponents are equal to zero or its orbit has a dominated splitting. Moreover, we prove that a volume-preserving and $C^1$-stably ergodic flow can be $C^1$-approximated by another volume-preserving flow which is non-uniformly hyperbolic.

In order to understand the parameter space Ξd of monic and centered complex polynomial vector fields in ℂ of degree d, decomposed by the combinatorial classes of the vector fields, it is interesting to know the number of loci in parameter space consisting of vector fields with the same combinatorial data (corresponding to topological classification with fixed separatrices at infinity). This paper answers questions posed by Adam L. Epstein and Tan Lei about the total number of combinatorial classes and the number of combinatorial classes corresponding to loci of a specific (real) dimension q in parameter space, for fixed degree d; these numbers are denoted by cd and cd,q, respectively. These results are extensions of a result by Douady, Estrada, and Sentenac, which shows that the number of combinatorial classes of the structurally stable complex polynomial vector fields in ℂ of degree d is the Catalan number Cd−1. We show that enumerating the combinatorial classes is equivalent to a so-called bracketing problem. Then we analyze the generating functions and find closed-form expressions for cd and cd,q, and we furthermore make an asymptotic analysis of these sequences for d tending to ∞. These results are also applicable to special classes of quadratic and Abelian differentials and singular holomorphic foliations of the plane.

Let $\Omega $ be a class of unital $C^*$-algebras. Then any simple unital $C^*$-algebra $A\in \mathrm {TA}(\mathrm {TA}\Omega )$ is a $\mathrm {TA}\Omega $ algebra. Let $A\in \mathrm {TA}\Omega $ be an infinite-dimensional $\alpha $-simple unital $C^*$-algebra with the property SP. Suppose that $\alpha :G\to \mathrm {Aut}(A)$ is an action of a finite group $G$ on $A$ which has a certain non-simple tracial Rokhlin property. Then the crossed product algebra $C^*(G,A,\alpha )$ belongs to $\mathrm {TA}\Omega $.

We prove pointwise and maximal ergodic theorems for probability-measure-preserving (PMP) actions of any countable group, provided it admits an essentially free, weakly mixing amenable action of stable type III$_1$. We show that this class contains all irreducible lattices in connected semi-simple Lie groups without compact factors. We also establish similar results when the stable type is III$_\lambda $, $0 \lt \lambda \lt 1$, under a suitable hypothesis. Our approach is based on the following two principles. First, we show that it is possible to generalize the ergodic theory of PMP actions of amenable groups to include PMP amenable equivalence relations. Secondly, we show that it is possible to reduce the proof of ergodic theorems for PMP actions of a general group to the proof of ergodic theorems in an associated PMP amenable equivalence relation, provided the group admits an amenable action with the properties stated above.

An ∞-step nilsystem is an inverse limit of minimal nilsystems. In this article, it is shown that a minimal distal system is an ∞-step nilsystem if and only if it has no non-trivial pairs with arbitrarily long finite IP-independence sets. Moreover, it is proved that any minimal system without non-trivial pairs with arbitrarily long finite IP-independence sets is an almost one-to-one extension of its maximal ∞-step nilfactor, and each invariant ergodic measure is isomorphic (in the measurable sense) to the Haar measure on some ∞-step nilsystem. The question if such a system is uniquely ergodic remains open. In addition, the topological complexity of an ∞-step nilsystem is computed, showing that it is polynomial for each non-trivial open cover.

In this note we consider the W-shaped map $W_0=W_{s_1,s_2}$ with ${1}/{s_1}+{1}/{s_2}=1$ and show that the eigenvalue $1$ is not stable. We do this in a constructive way. For each perturbing map $W_a$ we show the existence of a ‘second’ eigenvalue $\lambda _a$, such that $\lambda _a\to 1$ as $a\to 0$, which proves instability of the isolated spectrum of $W_0$. At the same time, the existence of second eigenvalues close to 1 causes the maps $W_a$to behave in a metastable way. There are two almost-invariant sets, and the system spends long periods of consecutive iterations in each of them, with infrequent jumps from one to the other.

We study orbit spaces of generalized gradient vector fields for Morse functions. Typically, these orbit spaces are non-Hausdorff. Nevertheless, they are quite structured topologically and are amenable to study. We show that these orbit spaces are locally contractible. We also show that the quotient map associated to each such orbit space is a weak homotopy equivalence and has the path lifting property.

Iterated quadratic polynomials give rise to a rich collection of different dynamical systems that are parametrized by a simple complex parameter $c$. The different dynamical features are encoded by the kneading sequence, which is an infinite sequence over $\{ \mathtt{0} , \mathtt{1} \} $. Not every such sequence actually occurs in complex dynamics. The set of admissible kneading sequences was described by Milnor and Thurston for real quadratic polynomials, and by the authors in the complex case. We prove that the set of admissible kneading sequences has positive Bernoulli measure within the set of sequences over $\{ \mathtt{0} , \mathtt{1} \} $.

We describe a topological mechanism for the existence of diffusing orbits in a dynamical system satisfying the following assumptions: (i) the phase space contains a normally hyperbolic invariant manifold diffeomorphic to a two-dimensional annulus; (ii) the restriction of the dynamics to the annulus is an area preserving monotone twist map; (iii) the annulus contains sequences of invariant one-dimensional tori that form transition chains (i.e., the unstable manifold of each torus has a topologically transverse intersection with the stable manifold of the next torus in the sequence); (iv) the transition chains of tori are interspersed with gaps created by resonances; (v) within each gap there is prescribed a finite collection of Aubry–Mather sets. Under these assumptions, there exist trajectories that follow the transition chains, cross over the gaps, and follow the Aubry–Mather sets within each gap, in any specified order. This mechanism is related to the Arnold diffusion problem in Hamiltonian systems. In particular, we prove the existence of diffusing trajectories in the large gap problem of Hamiltonian systems. The argument is topological and constructive.

We demonstrate essential coexistence of hyperbolic and non-hyperbolic behavior in the continuous-time case by constructing a smooth volume preserving flow on a five-dimensional compact smooth manifold that has non-zero Lyapunov exponents almost everywhere on an open and dense subset of positive but not full volume and is ergodic on this subset while having zero Lyapunov exponents on its complement. The latter is a union of three-dimensional invariant submanifolds, and on each of these submanifolds the flow is linear with Diophantine frequency vector.

Given a factor code between sofic shifts X and Y, there is a family of decompositions of the original code into factor codes such that the entropies of the intermediate subshifts arising from the decompositions are dense in the interval from the entropy of Y to that of X. Furthermore, if X is of finite type, we can choose those intermediate subshifts as shifts of finite type. In the second part of the paper, given an embedding from a shift space to an irreducible sofic shift, we characterize the set of the entropies of the intermediate subshifts arising from the decompositions of the given embedding into embeddings.

We give a complete characterization of the compact metric dynamical systems that appear as boundaries of the canonical compactification of a locally compact countable state mixing Markov shift. Consider such a compact metric dynamical system. Then there is a pair of non-conjugate Markov shifts with conjugate canonical compactifications, one of which has the given compact system as canonical boundary.

Cyclic algebraic ${\mathbb {Z}^{d}}$-actions are defined by ideals of Laurent polynomials in $d$ commuting variables. Such an action is expansive precisely when the complex variety of the ideal is disjoint from the multiplicative $d$-torus. For such expansive actions it is known that the limit of the growth rate of periodic points exists and is equal to the entropy of the action. In an earlier paper the authors extended this result to ideals whose variety intersects the $d$-torus in a finite set. Here we further extend it to the case where the dimension of intersection of the variety with the $d$-torus is at most $d-2$. The main tool is the construction of homoclinic points which decay rapidly enough to be summable.

If (M,F) is a C4 compact Finsler surface of genus at least two without conjugate points, we show that the first integrals of the geodesic flow are constant. Using this fact, we show that if (M,F) is also of Landsberg type then (M,F) is Riemannian. The connection between the absence of conjugate points and the Riemannian character of the Finsler metric has some remarkable consequences concerning rigidity.

We extend the theory of transience to general dynamical systems with no Markov structure assumed. This is linked to the theory of phase transitions. We also provide new examples to illustrate different kinds of transient behaviour.

Keller [Stochastic stability in some chaotic dynamical systems. Monatsh. Math.94(4) (1982), 313–333] introduced families of W-shaped maps that can have a great variety of behaviors. As a family approaches a limit W map, he observed behavior that was either described by a probability density function (PDF) or by a singular point measure. Based on this, Keller conjectured that instability of the absolutely continuous invariant measure (ACIM) can result only from the existence of small invariant neighborhoods of the fixed critical point of the limit map. In this paper, we show that the conjecture is not true. We construct a very simple family of W-maps with ACIMs supported on the whole interval, whose limiting dynamical behavior is captured by a singular measure. Key to the analysis is the use of a general formula for invariant densities of piecewise linear and expanding maps [P. Góra. Invariant densities for piecewise linear maps of interval. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 29(5) (2009), 1549–1583].

Without any additional conditions on subadditive potentials, this paper defines subadditive measure-theoretic pressure, and shows that the subadditive measure-theoretic pressure for ergodic measures can be described in terms of measure-theoretic entropy and a constant associated with the ergodic measure. Based on the definition of topological pressure on non-compact sets, we give another equivalent definition of subadditive measure-theoretic pressure, and obtain an inverse variational principle. This paper also studies the superadditive measure-theoretic pressure which has similar formalism to the subadditive measure-theoretic pressure. As an application of the main results, we prove that an average conformal repeller admits an ergodic measure of maximal Hausdorff dimension. Furthermore, for each ergodic measure supported on an average conformal repeller, we construct a set whose dimension is equal to the dimension of the measure.