This paper considers a general nonlinear econometric model framework that contains a large class of estimators defined as solutions to optimization problems. For this framework we derive several asymptotically equivalent forms of a test statistic for the local (in a way made precise in the paper) multivariate nonlinear inequality constraints test H: h(β) ≥ 0 versus K: β ∈ RK. We extend these results to consider local hypotheses tests of the form H: h1(β) ≥ 0 and h2(β) = 0 versus K: β ∈ RK. For each test we derive the asymptotic distribution for any size test as a weighted sum of χ2-distributions. We contrast local as opposed to global inequality constraints testing and give conditions on the model and constraints when each is possible. This paper also extends the well-known duality results in testing multivariate equality constraints to the case of nonlinear multivariate inequality constraints and combinations of nonlinear inequality and equality constraints.

Dealing with noninvertible, infinite-order moving average (MA) models, we study the asymptotic properties of an estimator of the noninvertible coefficient. The estimator is constructed acting as if the data were generated from a Gaussian MA process. Allowing for two cases on the initial values of the error process, we first discuss the condition for the existence of a consistent estimator. We then compute the probability of the estimator occurring at the boundary of the invertibility region. Some approximations are also suggested to the limiting distribution of the normalized estimator.

This paper studies a class of models where full identification is not necessarily assumed. We term such models partially identified. It is argued that partially identified systems are of practical importance since empirical investigators frequently proceed under conditions that are best described as apparent identification. One objective of the paper is to explore the properties of conventional statistical procedures in the context of identification failure. Our analysis concentrates on two major types of partially identified model: the classic simultaneous equations model under rank condition failures; and time series spurious regressions. Both types serve to illustrate the extensions that are needed to conventional asymptotic theory if the theory is to accommodate partially identified systems. In many of the cases studied, the limit distributions fall within the class of compound normal distributions. They are simply represented as covariance matrix or scalar mixtures of normals. This includes time series spurious regressions, where representations in terms of functionals of vector Brownian motion are more conventional in recent research following earlier work by the author.

We tabulate the limiting cumulative distribution and probability density functions of the least-squares estimator in a first-order autoregressive regression when the true model is near-integrated in the sense of Phillips. The results are obtained using an exact numerical method which integrates the appropriate limiting moment generating function. The adequacy of the approximation is examined for various first-order autoregressive processes with a root close to unity.

The finite sample distributions of estimators and test statistics in ARMA time series models are generally unknown. For typical sample sizes, the approximations provided by asymptotic distributions are often unsatisfactory. Hence simulation or numerical integration methods are used to investigate the distributions. In practice only a limited part of the parameter space is examined using these methods. Thus any results which allow us to infer properties from one portion of the parameter space to another or to establish symmetry are most welcome.

For the ARMA model estimated with no intercept term, we show that the least-squares and maximum likelihood estimators have mirror-image invariant or symmetric distributions. The F, t, likelihood ratio, Wald, and Lagrange multiplier statistics are also shown to have distributions with certain mirror-image invariant or symmetry properties. The analysis is extended to misspecified models as well as to ARMA spectral densities.

These properties would have been helpful in either simplifying or extending much earlier work in this area.

For a first-order autoregressive process Yt = βYt−1 + ∈t where the ∈t'S are i.i.d. and belong to the domain of attraction of a stable law, the strong consistency of the ordinary least-squares estimator bn of β is obtained for β = 1, and the limiting distribution of bn is established as a functional of a Lévy process. Generalizations to seasonal difference models are also considered. These results are useful in testing for the presence of unit roots when the ∈t'S are heavy-tailed.

Effect of nonnormality on the asymptotic property of three estimators of a single structural equation with structural change is examined. The three estimators are the limited information maximum likelihood estimator, derived under normality and equality of structural variances in different samples, given by Hodoshima, a two-stage least squares type estimator due to Barten and Bronsard, and a minimum distance estimator presented here. Normality is relaxed but the equality assumption of structural variances is retained. Under nonnormality the limited information maximum likelihood estimator is consistent but may not be efficient relative to the Barten and Bronsard's estimator. A sufficient condition is given under which the limited information maximum likelihood estimator dominates the Barten and Bronsard's estimator in terms of the asymptotic covariance matrix. The minimum distance estimator dominates other estimators.

We consider several issues related to Durbin-Wu-Hausman tests; that is, tests based on the comparison of two sets of parameter estimates. We first review a number of results about these tests in linear regression models, discuss what determines their power, and propose a simple way to improve power in certain cases. We then show how in a general nonlinear setting they may be computed as “score” tests by means of slightly modified versions of any artificial linear regression that can be used to calculate Lagrange multiplier tests, and explore some of the implications of this result. In particular, we show how to create a variant of the information matrix test that tests for parameter consistency. We examine the conventional information matrix test and our new version in the context of binary-choice models, and provide a simple way to compute both tests using artificial regressions.

Let Yt satisfy the stochastic difference equation for t = 1,2,…, where et are independent and identically distributed random variables with mean zero and variance σ2 and the initial conditions (Y−p+1,…, Y0) are fixed constants. It is assumed that the process is invertible and that the true, but unknown, roots m1,m2,…,mp of satisfy the hypothesis Hd: m1 = … = md = 1 and |mj| < 1 for j = d + 1,…,p. We present a reparameterization of the model for Yt that is convenient for testing the hypothesis Hd. We consider the asymptotic properties of (i) a likelihood ratio type “F-statistic” for testing the hypothesis Hd, (ii) a likelihood ratio type t-statistic for testing the hypothesis Hd against the alternative Hd−1. Using these asymptotic results, we obtain two sequential testing procedures that are asymptotically consistent.

A general framework for asymptotic tests is proposed. The framework contains as particular cases tests based on various estimation techniques: maximum likelihood methods, pseudo-maximum likelihood (PML) methods and quasi-generalized PML methods, m-estimation methods, moments or generalized moments method, and asymptotic least squares. Moreover the null hypothesis has a general mixed form, including the usual implicit and explicit form.

Wu introduced a new technique for proving consistency of least-squares estimators in nonlinear regression. This paper extends his results in three directions. First, we consider the minimization of arbitrary functions (M-estimators instead of least squares). Second, we use an improved type 2 inequality. Third, an extension of Kronecker's lemma yields a more powerful result.

The concepts of the curved exponential family of distributions and ancillarity are applied to estimation problems of a single structural equation in a simultaneous equation model, and the effect of conditioning on ancillary statistics on the limited information maximum-likelihood (LIML) estimator is investigated. The asymptotic conditional covariance matrix of the LIML estimator conditioned on the second-order asymptotic maximal ancillary statistic is shown to be efficiently estimated by Liu and Breen's formula. The effect of conditioning on a second-order asymptotic ancillary statistic, i.e., the smallest characteristic root associated with the LIML estimation, is analyzed by means of an asymptotic expansion of the distribution as well as the exact distribution. The smallest root helps to give an intuitively appealing measure of precision of the LIML estimator.

This paper compares the asymptotic local power properties of some tests of a null model against a single nonnested alternative and against multiple nonnested alternatives, denoted hereafter as paired and joint tests, respectively. It is demonstrated that the ranking of tests on the basis of asymptotic local powers depends on the choice of local hypothesis. When a local null hypothesis is employed, it is not possible to rank the Wald and Cox-type paired or joint tests. However, when the local hypothesis is specified with reference to one of the alternative models under consideration, a ranking of different test procedures becomes possible. Under a local alternative hypothesis, it is shown that the paired Wald test will never have greater asymptotic local power than a paired Cox-type test.

The main aim of the paper is to reevaluate the methodological contributions of Tinbergen and Haavelmo in the context of the current discussions on econometric modeling and propose a reformulation of the Haavelmo methodology. The paper argues that the textbook methodology constitutes a less flexible version of Tinbergen's approach and apart from the probabilistic language, it has little in common with the methodology in Haavelmo's 1944 monograph, commonly acknowledged as having founded modern econometrics. The methodology in this monograph includes several important elements which have either been discarded or never fully integrated within the textbook approach. A re-synthesis of these elements gives rise to an alternative methodological framework. This framework can be used to meet most of the objections to the textbook methodology and provides a framework in the context of which the recent methodological controversies can be evaluated.

The large-sample behavior of one-period-ahead and multiperiod-ahead predictors for a dynamic nonlinear simultaneous system is examined in this paper. Conditional on final values of the endogenous variables, the asymptotic moments of the deterministic, closed-form, Monte Carlo stochastic, and several variations of the residual-based stochastic predictor are analyzed. For one-period-ahead prediction, the results closely parallel our previous findings for static nonlinear systems. For multiperiod-ahead prediction similar results hold, except that the effective number of sample-period residuals available for use with the residual-based predictor is T/m, where T denotes sample size. In an attempt to avoid the problems associated with sample splitting, the complete enumeration predictor is proposed which is a multiperiod-ahead generalization of the one-period-ahead residual-based predictor. A bootstrap predictor is also introduced which is similar to the multiperiod-ahead Monte Carlo except disturbance proxies are drawn from the empirical distribution of the residuals. The bootstrap predictor is found to be asymptotically inefficient relative to both the complete enumeration and Monte Carlo predictors.

This paper continues the theoretical investigation of Park and Phillips. We develop an asymptotic theory of regression for multivariate linear models that accommodates integrated processes of different orders, nonzero means, drifts, time trends, and cointegrated regressors. The framework of analysis is general but has a common architecture that helps to simplify and codify what would otherwise be a myriad of isolated results. A good deal of earlier research by the authors and by others comes within the new framework. Special models of some importance are considered in detail, such as VAR systems with multiple lags and cointegrated variates.