Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists (RAs) mimic naturally occurring GLP-1 and GIP and are highly effective anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agents. In addition to their robust acute and long-term effects on weight, metabolism, and blood pressure, these agents also reduce cardiovascular mortality as well as stroke risk and associated consequences. A replicated and convergent body of preclinical evidence also indicates that incretin receptor agonists activate molecular effectors critical to neuroplasticity, neuroprotection, and anti-apoptosis. Herein, we propose that GLP-1 RAs and GIP RAs are promising transdiagnostic mechanistically informed therapeutics in the treatment and prevention of multiple domains of psychopathology, including general cognitive, reward, and motivation systems and mental disorders. Major neurocognitive disorders (eg, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease), alcohol and substance use disorders, traumatic brain injury, and depressive disorders are near-term therapeutic targets. In addition, GLP-1 RAs and GIP RAs have robust effects on comorbidities that differentially affect persons with mental disorders (eg, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and metabolic disorders) and psychotropic drug-related weight gain.

Anosognosia, defined as a lack of knowledge of the disease, was originally identified in neurological disorders and is common in schizophrenia. These deficits are commonly referred to as “lack of insight” or “unawareness of illness.” They include challenges in accurate judgments of the reality of experience, as well as global and specific personal abilities. Related to inaccuracies in self-assessment are response biases when an incorrect self-assessment is made. We adopted a perspective focused on Introspective Accuracy (IA) and Introspective Bias (IB). IA is the ability to accurately judge several domains of experience and functioning. These include the reality of clinical symptoms, the experience of mood states, momentary competence in the performance of cognitive assessments and everyday functional skills, and the ability to accurately anticipate the success of future performance. IB is the direction of response bias in the context of impairments in IA. Deficits in insight, judgment inaccuracies, and response bias are highly relevant as these difficulties come with downstream impacts including difficulties with treatment adherence, an increase in severity of symptoms, greater everyday disability, reduced response to cognitive training interventions, and a need for increased intensity of interventions to maintain community residence. In this article, we review the research in IA and IB in schizophrenia, including differences in momentary versus global self-assessments, and the clinical correlates and functional impacts of inaccurate self-assessments and response biases in the context of self-assessment errors. We also examine the existing data regarding the neurobiological basis of impairments in IA.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a potentially irreversible movement disorder induced by dopamine receptor-blocking agents, including antipsychotics. Despite progress in antipsychotic medications, TD remains widely prevalent even in the era of second-generation antipsychotics. Early detection is critical for preventing irreversible damage and minimizing the disorder’s impact on patients’ daily lives. Risk factors for TD include advanced age, female sex, medical comorbidities, and prolonged use of dopamine receptor-blocking agents (DRBAs). Effective screening for TD should incorporate evidence-based screening techniques such as the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and informal methods to capture a comprehensive view of TD’s severity and impact. Combining these approaches allows for a thorough assessment of both healthcare practitioner-perceived severity and patient-reported effects on daily life. Modern treatment options, including vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors like valbenazine and deutetrabenazine, have demonstrated significant efficacy and safety in clinical trials. Approved by the FDA in 2017, these medications enable continued psychiatric care while managing TD symptoms. Long-term studies support their sustained efficacy and safety, underscoring the importance of individualized, evidence-based treatment plans to improve patient outcomes.

Anosognosia, commonly understood as a lack of insight, renders individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder unable to understand that they are living with a disease, often resulting in a refusal to accept treatment. Typically, to impose involuntary commitment in an effort to obtain treatment, an individual must be a danger to others or themselves. Even if involuntary commitment is imposed, however, an individual may remain competent to refuse medication—despite symptoms of anosognosia and an inability to understand that they are ill. This article examines the existing legal theories of competency and informed consent and proposes a statutory definition of competency that encompasses the specific needs of people with anosognosia, while considering the significant interests at stake when taking away an individual’s right to choose or refuse treatment.

This study explores the effectiveness of antipsychotic medications in restoring competency to stand trial in individuals with severe mental illness, particularly psychotic disorders. While antipsychotic medications are known for reducing symptoms of psychosis, this research focuses on their ability to improve functional outcomes necessary for competency to stand trial (CST). Among over 3,000 patients in California’s forensic state hospital system, 86.5% were successfully restored to competency, with 98.8% discharged on antipsychotic medications. Patients on antipsychotic monotherapy demonstrated higher restoration rates compared to those requiring additional mood stabilizers, suggesting that more complex cases demand more intensive treatment. Delusional disorder, traditionally seen as more resistant to treatment, showed a high restoration rate of 93.8% with antipsychotic use.

Our findings emphasize the pivotal role of antipsychotics in not only reducing symptoms but also in restoring critical functional abilities for participation in legal proceedings. The functional improvements they enable extend beyond the courtroom. Incorporation of antipsychotic medication as an integral evidence-based mechanism in facilitating community reintegration for individuals with severe mental illness supports the broader goal of transitioning individuals from the legal system back into society, consistent with the ultimate promise of deinstitutionalization.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder for which treatment personalization is essential. Stimulant medications are the first-line option for ADHD management due to their high efficacy. While the choice of stimulant is limited to methylphenidate or amphetamine, there are numerous formulation options each associated with different potential benefits and restrictions. The goal is to deliver a stimulant medication that provides an even, continuous control of symptoms tailored to the patient’s symptoms and lifestyle. This article reviews the technologies used to deliver stimulants and the impact their characteristics have on the pharmacokinetic profiles, dosing regimens, and flexibility of the medication. The aim was to help clinicians in their treatment decision-making process and provide patients with effective and individualized management of their ADHD symptoms.

Treatment of patients suffering from schizophrenia in Austria: Treatment of patients with schizophrenia in the healthcare system is generally voluntary. This applies both to outpatient care provided by specialists in private practice, hospital outpatient clinics, or social psychiatric outpatient clinics and to inpatient care in hospitals. However, there is an exceptional situation in which the patient’s freedom of will is restricted by law. This is the case when acute danger to self or others caused by the disorder is present. With the involvement of the district court, the patient advocate, a possible adult representative, and an external expert, the patient’s freedom of movement can be restricted for a certain period of time to enable treatment. The acceptance of psychopharmacological therapy remains the patient’s decision in this situation, with the exception of explicit authorization by the court. Treatment under the consideration of proportionality, meaning that coercion is only applied in the case of an acute risk of severe bodily harm, is therefore possible for the majority of patients with schizophrenia. However, this does not mean that patients are able to connect to the care network in all cases. Some patients fail because the contact threshold is still too high. In order to reduce this, outreach care has been integrated into the existing services in many cases. These multi-professional teams often manage to establish contact with the patients and thus create a willingness to undergo treatment in order to counteract the long-term consequences, including complete social isolation and disintegration.

Although psychopathic personality traits are widely reported to be related to reduced reactivity to emotion-eliciting situations, findings are not consistent. It has been argued that these differences could be related to variations in the way psychopathy is measured. To examine whether measurement variance resulting from the use of clinical assessment versus self-report assessment could be driving such differences, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the comparability of relations between psychopathic traits and responsiveness to emotion-inducing tasks for clinical versus self-report measures. The systematic review resulted in eight studies and 131 effect sizes, which included studies of emotion categorization, emotion regulation, decision-making, and executive functioning tasks. Robust Variance Estimation correlated effects models revealed no significant differences between effect sizes for clinical (PCL-R) versus self-report (PPI, SRP, and LSRP) assessment-based psychopathic traits and emotion tasks. Despite the small number of studies that included both clinical and self-report assessments of psychopathy, these results do not provide any evidence for an assessment-based difference in correlations with emotional responsiveness across tasks. The findings also show no associations between scores on emotional responsiveness and indices of psychopathy. Future research on emotional responsiveness in psychopathy should include both assessment types to be able to increase the research basis for the comparison.

People with serious mental illness (SMI) are over-represented throughout the US criminal justice system. To address this issue, forensic assertive community treatment has recently emerged as a best-practice intervention. Also known as forensic ACT, ForACT, or most commonly as “FACT,” forensic assertive community treatment is an adaptation of the assertive community treatment (ACT) model. Unlike ACT, however, FACT is purposefully designed to prevent arrest and incarceration among people with SMI who have histories of involvement with the criminal justice system (i.e., “justice-involved” individuals). Although FACT was recognized as a best practice by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in 2019, FACT teams vary widely in their structure and daily operations. This lack of a standard FACT model continues to impede FACT program implementation and outcomes research. This article begins with a review of FACT origins, followed by a discussion of what we know (and do not know) about FACT operation and effectiveness. Based on the authors’ experience, the article then discusses key components of FACT and concludes with a discussion of current challenges and research recommendations for FACT model development.

Increasing numbers of Americans are affected by serious mental illness and severe substance use disorders. While funding has increased for the treatment of these conditions in recent years, increases in service needs have outstripped resources. Further, too often those living with these conditions are incarcerated, held for inordinate periods without treatment in emergency departments, and/or relegated to the streets as part of the burgeoning numbers of homeless in the United States. These conditions require innovative approaches to care that should include integrated medical care and community resources to decrease isolation and to improve the response to crises as they occur. There are numerous opportunities already in place that, used appropriately, can improve outcomes for some of our most vulnerable people and will improve community living for all. This perspective describes available resources that can better address the mental health and substance use crisis facing the American people.