Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-05T05:54:47.242Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Organizational and Electoral Determinants of the Provincial Funding of Private Education in Canada: A Quantile Regression Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 March 2012

Ronan Teyssier
Ronan Teyssier*
Affiliation:
Université Laval
*
Ronan Teyssier, Department of Political Science, Université Laval, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Abstract. Several Canadian provinces partially fund private education through statistical formulas. This article draws on various studies in the area of political economy in order to link provincial educational grants to factors not explicitly comprised in the formulas. More specifically, organizational and electoral variables are expected to have an impact on the amount of provincial grants received by private school authorities. Quantile regression analysis shows that Catholic and Protestant private schools are somewhat favoured by the existing system of grants. Likewise, membership in the main provincial interest group and electoral competition are beneficial to private school authorities.

Résumé. Plusieurs provinces canadiennes financent partiellement l'éducation privée. Le montant de ce financement est déterminé au moyen d'une formule statistique. Cet article se base sur divers travaux d'économie politique afin de relier les subventions publiques allouées à l'éducation privée à des facteurs non inclus dans les formules. Plus précisément, nous nous attendons à observer un impact significatif de variables organisationnelles et électorales. L'analyse de régression quantile montre que les écoles privées catholiques et protestantes de même que les écoles privées membres de l'association provinciale de représentation des intérêts sont avantagées du point de vue de la subvention et que la compétitivité électorale est positivement et significativement liée au montant de subventions reçues par les autorités scolaires privées.

Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , Volume 44 , Issue 4 , December 2011 , pp. 829 - 857
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Political Science Association 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andersen, Robert. 2008. Modern methods for robust regression. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen and Snyder, James M.. 2003. “Party Control of State Government and the Distribution of Public Expenditures.” Working paper. no. 03-28. Department of Economics. MIT. http://web.mit.edu/polisci/research/representation/parties_&_distrib.pdf (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Auld, Douglas A. and Kitchen, Harry M.. 2006. Financing education and training in Canada. Canadian tax papers, no.110. 2nd ed, Toronto: Canadian Tax Foundation.Google Scholar
Banting, Keith G. and Brock, Kathy L., eds. 2001. The nonprofit sector and government in a new century, Public policy and the third sector series. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Barman, Jean and Edwards, Gail. 2009. “Private School.” In The Canadian Encyclopedia, ed. Historica Foundation of Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/ (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Beam, David R. and Conlan, Timothy J.. 2002. “Grants.” In The tools of government: A guide to the new governance, ed. Salamon, Lester M. and Elliott, Odus V.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beaman, Lori. A. 2003. “The myth of pluralism, diversity, and vigor: The constitutional privilege of Protestantism in the United States and Canada.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42 (3): 311–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Gary S. 1983. “A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 98 (3): 371–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernier, Nicole F. 1994. “Les variations de l'effort gouvernemental dans le domaine de la santé et ses déterminants. Discussion sur la variable dépendante.” In Politiques provinciales comparées, ed. Crête, Jean, Imbeau, Louis M. and Lachapelle, Guy. Sainte-Foy QC: Presses de l'Université Laval.Google Scholar
Bertelli, Anthony M. and Richardson, Lilliard E.. 2008. “The Behavioral Impact of Drinking and Driving Laws.” Policy Studies Journal 36 (4): 545–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilek, Arnaud. 2004. “Quels sont les déterminants des dépenses publiques d'éducation? Une première analyse au niveau des départements français.” Discussion paper. LEP, Université Paris 1. http://www.cevipof.msh-paris.fr/rencontres/jours/200509-ante/emiliano/textes/0409241630Bilek.pdf (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Boex, Jamie and Martinez-Vazquez, Jorge. 2005. “The Determinants of the Incidence of Intergovernmental Grants: A Survey of the International Experience.” Working paper. no. 05-09. Andrew Young School of Policy Studies. Georgia State University. http://aysps.gsu.edu/isp/files/ispwp0509.pdf (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Brown, Laura and Troutt, Elizabeth. 2003. “Stability and Stress in the Relationship between Government and the Nonprofit Sector: The Case of Manitoba.” In The nonprofit sector in interesting times: Case studies in a changing sector, ed. Banting, Keith G. and Brock, Kathy L.. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Chaves, Mark. 1999. “Religious congregations and welfare reform: Who will take advantage of ‘charitable choice’?” American Sociological Review 64 (6): 836–46.Google Scholar
Chaves, Mark, Stephens, Laura and Galaskiewicz, Joseph. 2004. “Does government funding suppress nonprofits' political activity?” American Sociological Review 69 (2): 292–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Côté, Pauline. 1999. “From Status Politics to Technocratic Pluralism: Toleration of Religious Minorities in Canada.” Social Justice Research 12 (4): 253–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1986. “Electoral Politics as a Redistributive Game.” Journal of Politics 48 (2): 370–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crampton, Eric. 2004. “Distributive Politics in a Strong Party System: Evidence from Canadian Job Grant Programs.” Paper presented at the Public Choice Society annual meeting, Baltimore, MD. http://www.econ.canterbury.ac.nz/personal_pages/eric_crampton/HRDC2.pdf (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Cunningham, Victoria and Cunningham, David. 2002. Justice achieved: The political struggle of independent schools in British Columbia. Vancouver: Federation of Independent School Associations of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Dawson, Richard E. and Robinson, James A.. 1963. “Inter-Party Competition, Economic Variables, and Welfare Policies in the American-States.” Journal of Politics 25 (2): 265–89.Google Scholar
Denoncourt, Yves. 1994. “Environnement et politométrie. Nouvelle génération de politiques publiques.” In Politiques provinciales comparées, ed. Crête, Jean, Imbeau, Louis M. and Lachapelle, Guy. Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université Laval.Google Scholar
Dixit, Avinash and Londregan, John. 1996. “The determinants of success of special interests in redistributive politics.” Journal of Politics 58 (4): 1132–55.Google Scholar
Douglas, James. 1987. “Political Theories of Nonprofit Organization.” In The Nonprofit sector: a research handbook, ed. Powell, Walter W.. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ebaugh, Helen Rose, Chafetz, Janet S. and Pipes, Paula F.. 2005. “Faith-based social service organizations and government funding: Data from a national survey.” Social Science Quarterly 86 (2): 273–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebaugh, Helen Rose, Chafetz, Janet S. and Pipes, Paula F.. 2006. “Where's the faith in faith-based organizations? Measures and correlates of religiosity in faith-based social service coalitions.” Social Forces 84 (4): 2259–72.Google Scholar
Falcone, David and Mishler, William. 1977. “Legislative Determinants of Provincial Health Policy in Canada: A Diachronic Analysis.” Journal of Politics 39 (2): 345–67.Google Scholar
Fitzenberger, Bernd, Koenker, Roger and Machado, José A. F.. 2002. Economic applications of quantile regression. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, John. 2002. Robust Regression. Appendix to An R and S-Plus companion to applied regression. http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Fox-Companion/appendix-robust-regression.pdf (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Frey, Bruno and Lau, Lawrence J.. 1968. “Mathematical Model of Government Behaviour.” Zeitschrift Fur Nationalokonomie 28 (3-4): 355–80.Google Scholar
Gaffield, Chad. 2009. “Education, History of.” In The Canadian Encyclopedia, ed. Historica Foundation of Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/ (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Gelman, Andrew and Hill, Jennifer. 2007. Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grønbjerg, Kirsten A. 1993. Understanding nonprofit funding: managing revenues in social services and community development organizations. San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.Google Scholar
Gujarati, Damodar N. 1995. Basic econometrics. 3rd ed.New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Hall, Michael H, Barr, Cathy W., Easwaramoorthy, M., Sokolowski, S. Wojciech and Salamon, Lester M.. 2005. “The Canadian Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector in Comparative Perspective.” http://nonprofitscan.imaginecanada.ca/files/nonprofitscan/en/misc/jhu_report_en.pdf (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Hao, Lingxin and Naiman, Daniel Q.. 2007. Quantile regression. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Hiemstra, John L. 2002. “Government relations with faith-based non-profit social agencies in Alberta.” Journal of Church and State 44 (1): 19–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiemstra, John L. and Brink, Robert A.. 2006. “The Advent of a Public Pluriformity Model: Faith-Based School Choice in Alberta.” Canadian Journal of Education 29 (4): 1157–90.Google Scholar
Howlett, Michael P. and Ramesh, M.. 2003. Studying public policy: Policy cycles and policy subsystems. 2nd ed.Don Mills ON: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hox, Joop J. 2002. Multilevel analysis:Techniques and applications. Quantitative methodology series. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Imbeau, Louis M. and Lachapelle, Guy. 1994. “Les déterminants des politiques provinciales au Canada. Synthèse des études comparatives.” In Politiques provinciales comparées, ed. Crête, Jean, Imbeau, Louis M. and Lachapelle, Guy. Sainte-Foy QC: Presses de l'Université Laval.Google Scholar
Innes, Judith Eleanor and Stoddard, Susan. 1988. Formula allocation as a policy tool: Politics and measurement. Berkeley: Institute of Urban & Regional Development, University of California.Google Scholar
James, Estelle. 1991. “Public Policies toward Private Education: An International Comparison.” International Journal of Educational Research 15 (5): 359–76.Google Scholar
James, Estelle and Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1986. The nonprofit enterprise in market economics. Chur, Switzerland and New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
John, Peter and Ward, Hugh. 2001. “Political manipulation in a majoritarian democracy: Central government targeting of public funds to English subnational government, in space and across time.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 3 (3): 308–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juillet, Luc, Andrew, Caroline, Aubry, Tim and Mrenica, Janet. 2001. “The Impact of Changes in the Funding Environment on Nonprofit Organizations.” In The nonprofit sector and government in a new century, ed. Banting, Keith G. and Brock, Kathy L.. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Karch, Andrew and Deufel, Benjamin. 2004. “Political Party Competition and Redistribution in the American States.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, http://www.allacademic.com/one/mpsa/mpsa04 (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Key, V. O. 1949. Southern politics in State and Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O. and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing social inquiry: Scientific inference in qualitative research. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Koenker, Roger. 2005. Quantile regression. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koenker, Roger. 2008. quantreg: Quantile regression. R Package version 4.23. http://www.r-project.org (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Koenker, Roger and Hallock, Kevin F.. 2001. “Quantile regression.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 15 (4): 143–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lachapelle, Guy. 1994. “La croissance de l'État-Providence dans les provinces canadiennes (1950–1981). Analyse des déterminants.” In Politiques provinciales comparées, ed. Crête, Jean, Imbeau, Louis M. and Lachapelle, Guy. Sainte-Foy QC: Presses de l'Université Laval.Google Scholar
Levitt, Steven D. and Snyder, James M.. 1995. “Political Parties and the Distribution of Federal Outlays.” American Journal of Political Science 39 (4): 958–80.Google Scholar
Lindbeck, Assar and Weibull, Jorgen W.. 1987. “Balanced-Budget Redistribution as the Outcome of Political Competition.” Public Choice 52 (3): 273–97.Google Scholar
Luksetich, William. 2008. “Government funding and nonprofit organizations.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 37 (3): 434–42.Google Scholar
Manzer, Ronald A. 1994. Public schools and political ideas: Canadian educational policy in historical perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Mayer, Lawrence S. 1972. “An Analysis of Measures of Crosscutting and Fragmentation.” Comparative Politics 4 (3): 405–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milder, David N. 1974. “Definitions and Measures of the Degree of Macro-Level Party Competition in Multiparty Systems.” Comparative Political Studies 6 (4): 431–55.Google Scholar
Milligan, Kevin and Smart, Michael. 2005. “Regional Grants as Pork Barrel Politics.” Working paper series. no. 1453. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=710903 (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Najam, Adil. 2000. “The Four C's of Third Sector-Government Relations. Cooperation, Confrontation, Complementarity, and Co-optation.” Nonprofit Management & Leadership 10 (4): 375–96.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The logic of collective action: public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owens, Michael L. 2006. “Which congregations will take advantage of charitable choice? Explaining the pursuit of public funding by congregations.” Social Science Quarterly 87 (1): 55–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pal, Leslie A. 1992. Public policy analysis: an introduction. 2nd ed.Scarborough ON: Nelson Canada.Google Scholar
Persson, Torsten and Tabellini, Guido Enrico. 2000. Political economics: explaining economic policy. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, Susan D. 2003. “The nonprofit sector in interesting times: Case studies in a changing sector.” In Public policy and the third sector series, ed. Banting, Keith G. and Brock, Kathy L.. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
R Development Core Team. 2008. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing http://www.R-project.org (July 9, 2009).Google Scholar
Reeves, Edward B. and Lowe, Jesse. 2009. “Quantile Regression: An Education Policy Research Tool.” Southern Rural Sociology 24 (1): 175–99.Google Scholar
Rosen, Harvey S., Dahlby, Beverly George, Smith, Roger, Wen, Jean-Francois and Snoddon, Tracy. 2008. Public finance in Canada. 3rd Canadian ed.Toronto: McGraw–Hill Ryerson.Google Scholar
Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.. 1996. The emerging nonprofit sector: An overview. New York and Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Steven R. and Lipsky, Michael. 1993. Nonprofits for hire: The welfare state in the age of contracting. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sossin, Lorne. 2001. “Regulating Virtue: A Purposive Approach to the Administration of Charities.” In Between state and market: Essays on charities law and policy in Canada, ed. Phillips, J., Chapman, B. and Stevens, D.. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
StataCorp. 2005. Stata Statistical Software: Release 9. College Station TX: StataCorp LP.Google Scholar
Swift, Susan. 1993. The regulation and public funding of private schools in Canada. Toronto: Legislative Research Service, Legislative Library.Google Scholar
Twombly, Eric C. 2002. “Religious versus secular human service organizations: Implications for public policy.” Social Science Quarterly 83 (4): 947–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Ploeg, Frederick. 1984. “Government Ideology and Re-Election Efforts.” Oxford Economic Papers 36: 213–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Hugh and John, Peter. 1999. “Targeting benefits for electoral gain: Constituency marginality and the distribution of grants to English local authorities.” Political Studies 47 (1): 32–52.Google Scholar
Young, Dennis R. 2000. “Alternative models of government-nonprofit sector relations: Theoretical and international perspectives.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 29 (1): 149–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar