Each metric graph has canonically associated to it a polarized real torus called its tropical Jacobian. A fundamental real-valued invariant associated to each polarized real torus is its tropical moment. We give an explicit and efficiently computable formula for the tropical moment of a tropical Jacobian in terms of potential theory on the underlying metric graph. We show that there exists a universal linear relation between the tropical moment, a certain capacity called the tau invariant, and the total length of a metric graph. To put our formula in a broader context, we relate our work to the computation of heights attached to principally polarized abelian varieties.

Let G be a simple complex algebraic group, and let $K \subset G$ be a reductive subgroup such that the coordinate ring of $G/K$ is a multiplicity-free G-module. We consider the G-algebra structure of $\mathbb C[G/K]$ and study the decomposition into irreducible summands of the product of irreducible G-submodules in $\mathbb C[G/K]$ . When the spherical roots of $G/K$ generate a root system of type $\mathsf A$ , we propose a conjectural decomposition rule, which relies on a conjecture of Stanley on the multiplication of Jack symmetric functions. With the exception of one case, we show that the rule holds true whenever the root system generated by the spherical roots of $G/K$ is a direct sum of subsystems of rank 1.

We characterize the noncommutative Aleksandrov–Clark measures and the minimal realization formulas of contractive and, in particular, isometric noncommutative rational multipliers of the Fock space. Here, the full Fock space over $\mathbb {C} ^d$ is defined as the Hilbert space of square-summable power series in several noncommuting (NC) formal variables, and we interpret this space as the noncommutative and multivariable analogue of the Hardy space of square-summable Taylor series in the complex unit disk. We further obtain analogues of several classical results in Aleksandrov–Clark measure theory for noncommutative and contractive rational multipliers.

Noncommutative measures are defined as positive linear functionals on a certain self-adjoint subspace of the Cuntz–Toeplitz algebra, the unital $C^*$-algebra generated by the left creation operators on the full Fock space. Our results demonstrate that there is a fundamental relationship between NC Hardy space theory, representation theory of the Cuntz–Toeplitz and Cuntz algebras, and the emerging field of noncommutative rational functions.

Let $g \geq 1$ be an integer and let $A/\mathbb Q$ be an abelian variety that is isogenous over $\mathbb Q$ to a product of g elliptic curves defined over $\mathbb Q$ , pairwise non-isogenous over $\overline {\mathbb Q}$ and each without complex multiplication. For an integer t and a positive real number x, denote by $\pi _A(x, t)$ the number of primes $p \leq x$ , of good reduction for A, for which the Frobenius trace $a_{1, p}(A)$ associated to the reduction of A modulo p equals t. Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis for Dedekind zeta functions, we prove that $\pi _A(x, 0) \ll _A x^{1 - \frac {1}{3 g+1 }}/(\operatorname {log} x)^{1 - \frac {2}{3 g+1}}$ and $\pi _A(x, t) \ll _A x^{1 - \frac {1}{3 g + 2}}/(\operatorname {log} x)^{1 - \frac {2}{3 g + 2}}$ if $t \neq 0$ . These bounds largely improve upon recent ones obtained for $g = 2$ by Chen, Jones, and Serban, and may be viewed as generalizations to arbitrary g of the bounds obtained for $g=1$ by Murty, Murty, and Saradha, combined with a refinement in the power of $\operatorname {log} x$ by Zywina. Under the assumptions stated above, we also prove the existence of a density one set of primes p satisfying $|a_{1, p}(A)|>p^{\frac {1}{3 g + 1} - \varepsilon }$ for any fixed $\varepsilon>0$ .

A multivariate, formal power series over a field K is a Bézivin series if all of its coefficients can be expressed as a sum of at most r elements from a finitely generated subgroup $G \le K^*$; it is a Pólya series if one can take $r=1$. We give explicit structural descriptions of D-finite Bézivin series and D-finite Pólya series over fields of characteristic $0$, thus extending classical results of Pólya and Bézivin to the multivariate setting.

Polyharmonic maps of order k (briefly, k-harmonic maps) are a natural generalization of harmonic and biharmonic maps. These maps are defined as the critical points of suitable higher-order functionals which extend the classical energy functional for maps between Riemannian manifolds. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the so-called unique continuation principle. More precisely, assuming that the domain is connected, we shall prove the following extensions of results known in the harmonic and biharmonic cases: (i) if a k-harmonic map is harmonic on an open subset, then it is harmonic everywhere; (ii) if two k-harmonic maps agree on an open subset, then they agree everywhere; and (iii) if, for a k-harmonic map to the n-dimensional sphere, an open subset of the domain is mapped into the equator, then all the domain is mapped into the equator.

We explicate the combinatorial/geometric ingredients of Arthur’s proof of the convergence and polynomiality, in a truncation parameter, of his noninvariant trace formula. Starting with a fan in a real, finite dimensional, vector space and a collection of functions, one for each cone in the fan, we introduce a combinatorial truncated function with respect to a polytope normal to the fan and prove the analogues of Arthur’s results on the convergence and polynomiality of the integral of this truncated function over the vector space. The convergence statements clarify the important role of certain combinatorial subsets that appear in Arthur’s work and provide a crucial partition that amounts to a so-called nearest face partition. The polynomiality statements can be thought of as far reaching extensions of the Ehrhart polynomial. Our proof of polynomiality relies on the Lawrence–Varchenko conical decomposition and readily implies an extension of the well-known combinatorial lemma of Langlands. The Khovanskii–Pukhlikov virtual polytopes are an important ingredient here. Finally, we give some geometric interpretations of our combinatorial truncation on toric varieties as a measure and a Lefschetz number.

We develop tools for constructing rigid analytic trivializations for Drinfeld modules as infinite products of Frobenius twists of matrices, from which we recover the rigid analytic trivialization given by Pellarin in terms of Anderson generating functions. One advantage is that these infinite products can be obtained from only a finite amount of initial calculation, and consequently we obtain new formulas for periods and quasi-periods, similar to the product expansion of the Carlitz period. We further link to results of Gekeler and Maurischat on the $\infty $ -adic field generated by the period lattice.

We prove several sharp distortion and monotonicity theorems for spherically convex functions defined on the unit disk involving geometric quantities such as spherical length, spherical area, and total spherical curvature. These results can be viewed as geometric variants of the classical Schwarz lemma for spherically convex functions.

In this paper, we compute the Fourier expansion of the Shintani lift of nearly holomorphic modular forms. As an application, we deduce modularity properties of generating series of cycle integrals of nearly holomorphic modular forms.

Consider an algorithm computing in a differential field with several commuting derivations such that the only operations it performs with the elements of the field are arithmetic operations, differentiation, and zero testing. We show that, if the algorithm is guaranteed to terminate on every input, then there is a computable upper bound for the size of the output of the algorithm in terms of the size of the input. We also generalize this to algorithms working with models of good enough theories (including, for example, difference fields).

We then apply this to differential algebraic geometry to show that there exists a computable uniform upper bound for the number of components of any variety defined by a system of polynomial PDEs. We then use this bound to show the existence of a computable uniform upper bound for the elimination problem in systems of polynomial PDEs with delays.

Postnikov constructed a cellular decomposition of the totally nonnegative Grassmannians. The poset of cells can be described (in particular) via Grassmann necklaces. We study certain quiver Grassmannians for the cyclic quiver admitting a cellular decomposition, whose cells are naturally labeled by Grassmann necklaces. We show that the posets of cells coincide with the reversed cell posets of the cellular decomposition of the totally nonnegative Grassmannians. We investigate algebro-geometric and combinatorial properties of these quiver Grassmannians. In particular, we describe the irreducible components, study the action of the automorphism groups of the underlying representations, and describe the moment graphs. We also construct a resolution of singularities for each irreducible component; the resolutions are defined as quiver Grassmannians for an extended cyclic quiver.

In this article, we generalize Haglund and Wise’s theory of special cube complexes to groups acting on quasi-median graphs. More precisely, we define special actions on quasi-median graphs, and we show that a group which acts specially on a quasi-median graph with finitely many orbits of vertices must embed as a virtual retract into a graph product of finite extensions of clique-stabilizers. In the second part of the article, we apply the theory to fundamental groups of some graphs of groups called right-angled graphs of groups.

We consider two sequences $a(n)$ and $b(n)$, $1\leq n<\infty $, generated by Dirichlet series

$$ \begin{align*}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{a(n)}{\lambda_n^{s}}\qquad\text{and}\qquad \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{b(n)}{\mu_n^{s}},\end{align*} $$

satisfying a familiar functional equation involving the gamma function $\Gamma (s)$. Two general identities are established. The first involves the modified Bessel function $K_{\mu }(z)$, and can be thought of as a ‘modular’ or ‘theta’ relation wherein modified Bessel functions, instead of exponential functions, appear. Appearing in the second identity are $K_{\mu }(z)$, the Bessel functions of imaginary argument $I_{\mu }(z)$, and ordinary hypergeometric functions ${_2F_1}(a,b;c;z)$. Although certain special cases appear in the literature, the general identities are new. The arithmetical functions appearing in the identities include Ramanujan’s arithmetical function $\tau (n)$, the number of representations of n as a sum of k squares $r_k(n)$, and primitive Dirichlet characters $\chi (n)$.

We demonstrate how exact structures can be placed on the additive category of right operator modules over an operator algebra in order to discuss global dimension for operator algebras. The properties of the Haagerup tensor product play a decisive role in this.

Immanants are functions on square matrices generalizing the determinant and permanent. Kazhdan–Lusztig immanants, which are indexed by permutations, involve $q=1$ specializations of Type A Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials, and were defined by Rhoades and Skandera (2006, Journal of Algebra 304, 793–811). Using results of Haiman (1993, Journal of the American Mathematical Society 6, 569–595) and Stembridge (1991, Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 23, 422–428), Rhoades and Skandera showed that Kazhdan–Lusztig immanants are nonnegative on matrices whose minors are nonnegative. We investigate which Kazhdan–Lusztig immanants are positive on k-positive matrices (matrices whose minors of size $k \times k$ and smaller are positive). The Kazhdan–Lusztig immanant indexed by v is positive on k-positive matrices if v avoids 1324 and 2143 and for all noninversions $i< j$ of v, either $j-i \leq k$ or $v_j-v_i \leq k$ . Our main tool is Lewis Carroll’s identity.

We show that all self-adjoint extensions of semibounded Sturm–Liouville operators with limit-circle endpoint(s) can be obtained via an additive singular form-bounded self-adjoint perturbation of rank equal to the deficiency indices, say $d\in \{1,2\}$. This characterization generalizes the well-known analog for semibounded Sturm–Liouville operators with regular endpoints. Explicitly, every self-adjoint extension of the minimal operator can be written as

$$ \begin{align*} \boldsymbol{A}_{ {}_{\scriptstyle \Theta}}=\boldsymbol{A}_0+\mathbf{B}\Theta\mathbf{B}^*, \end{align*} $$

$\boldsymbol {A}_0$

$\Theta $

$\mathbb {C}^d$

$\boldsymbol {A}_0$

$\mathcal {H}_{-1}(\boldsymbol {A}_0)$

$\Theta $

The merging of boundary triples with perturbation theory provides a more holistic view of the operator’s matrix-valued spectral measures: identifying not just the location of the spectrum, but also certain directional information.

As an example, self-adjoint extensions of the classical Jacobi differential equation (which has two limit-circle endpoints) are obtained, and their spectra are analyzed with tools both from the theory of boundary triples and perturbation theory.

Hardin and Taylor proved that any function on the reals—even a nowhere continuous one—can be correctly predicted, based solely on its past behavior, at almost every point in time. They showed that one could even arrange for the predictors to be robust with respect to simple time shifts, and asked whether they could be robust with respect to other, more complicated time distortions. This question was partially answered by Bajpai and Velleman, who provided upper and lower frontiers (in the subgroup lattice of $\mathrm{Homeo}^+(\mathbb {R})$) on how robust a predictor can possibly be. We improve both frontiers, some of which reduce ultimately to consequences of Hölder’s Theorem (that every Archimedean group is abelian).

We provide an abstract characterization for the Cuntz semigroup of unital commutative AI-algebras, as well as a characterization for abstract Cuntz semigroups of the form $\operatorname {\mathrm {Lsc}} (X,\overline {\mathbb {N}})$ for some $T_1$-space X. In our investigations, we also uncover new properties that the Cuntz semigroup of all AI-algebras satisfies.

The main aim of this article is to show that normalised standard intertwining operator between induced representations of p-adic groups, at a very specific point of evaluation, has an arithmetic origin. This result has applications to Eisenstein cohomology and the special values of automorphic L-functions.