Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T22:49:45.794Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Passive frame theory: A new synthesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2016

Ezequiel Morsella
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA [email protected]://online.sfsu.edu/morsella/index.html Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
Christine A. Godwin
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA [email protected]://control.gatech.edu/people/graduate/cgodwin/
Tiffany K. Jantz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI [email protected]://prod.lsa.umich.edu/psych/people/graduate-students/tkjantz.html
Stephen C. Krieger
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY [email protected]://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/stephen-krieger
Adam Gazzaley
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158. [email protected]://gazzaleylab.ucsf.edu/people-profiles/adam-gazzaley/

Abstract

Passive frame theory attempts to illuminate what consciousness is, in mechanistic and functional terms; it does not address the “implementation” level of analysis (how neurons instantiate conscious states), an enigma for various disciplines. However, in response to the commentaries, we discuss how our framework provides clues regarding this enigma. In the framework, consciousness is passive albeit essential. Without consciousness, there would not be adaptive skeletomotor action.

Type
Authors' Response
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ach, N. (1905/1951) Determining tendencies: Awareness. In: Organization and pathology of thought, ed. Rapaport, D., pp. 1538. Columbia University Press (Original work published in 1905).Google Scholar
Adrian, E. D. (1942) Olfactory reactions in the brain of the hedgehog. The Journal of Physiology 100(4):459–73.Google Scholar
Adrian, E. D. (1950a) Sensory discrimination: With some recent evidence from the olfactory organ. British Medical Bulletin 6(4):330–32.Google Scholar
Adrian, E. D. (1950b) The electrical activity of the mammalian olfactory bulb. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 2(1):377–88.Google Scholar
Alkire, M., Hudetz, A. & Tononi, G. (2008) Consciousness and anesthesia. Science 322(5903):876–80.Google Scholar
Allen, A. K., Wilkins, K., Gazzaley, A. & Morsella, E. (2013) Conscious thoughts from reflex-like processes: A new experimental paradigm for consciousness research. Consciousness and Cognition 22:1318–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allman, J. M. (2000) Evolving brains. Scientific American Library.Google Scholar
Allport, D. A. (1989) Visual attention. In: Foundations of cognitive science, vol. 2, ed. Posner, M. I., pp. 631–82. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. (1983) The architecture of cognition. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Aru, J. & Bachmann, T. (2009) Occipital EEG correlates of conscious awareness when subjective target shine-through and effective visual masking are compared: Bifocal early increase in gamma power and speed-up of P1. Brain Research 1271:6073.Google Scholar
Augustinova, M. & Ferrand, L. (2014) Automaticity of word reading: Evidence from the semantic Stroop paradigm. Current Directions in Psychological Science 23:343–48.Google Scholar
Baars, B. (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1997b) Some essential differences between consciousness and attention, perception, and working memory. Consciousness and Cognition 6:363–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baars, B. J. (2002) The conscious access hypothesis: Origins and recent evidence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6(1):4752.Google Scholar
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R. & Fiore, M. C. (2004) Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review 111:3351.Google Scholar
Banks, W. P. (1995) Evidence for consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 4:270–72.Google Scholar
Bar, M., Kassam, K. S., Ghuman, A. S., Boshyan, J., Schmid, A. M., Dale, A. M., Hämäläinen, M. S., Marinkovic, K., Schacter, D. L., Rosen, B. R. & Halgren, E. (2006) Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103:449–54.Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A. & Morsella, E. (2008) The unconscious mind. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3:7379.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. & Vohs, K. D. (2004) Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Beshel, J., Kopell, N. & Kay, L. M. (2007) Olfactory bulb gamma oscillations are enhanced with task demands. Journal of Neuroscience 27:8358–65.Google Scholar
Bhangal, S., Cho, H., Geisler, M. W. & Morsella, E. (2016) The prospective nature of voluntary action: Insights from the reflexive imagery task. Review of General Psychology 20:101–17.Google Scholar
Bindra, D. (1974) A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification. Psychological Review 81:199213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bindra, D. (1978) How adaptive behavior is produced: A perceptual-motivational alternative to response-reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:4191.Google Scholar
Block, N. (1995b) On a confusion about a function of consciousness. (Target article) Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18(2):227–47; discussion 247–87.Google Scholar
Block, N. (2007) Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30:481548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boveroux, P., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Bruno, M. A., Noirhomme, Q., Lauwick, S., Luxen, A., Degueldre, C., Plenevaux, A., Schnakers, C., Phillips, C., Brichant, J. F., Bonhomme, V., Maquet, P., Greicius, M. D., Laureys, S. & Boly, M. (2010) Breakdown of within- and between-network resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Anesthesiology 113:1038–53.Google Scholar
Bruns, A. & Eckhorn, R. (2004) Task-related coupling from high-to low-frequency signals among visual cortical areas in human subdural recordings. International Journal of Psychophysiology 51(2):97116.Google Scholar
Buzsáki, G. (2006) Rhythms of the brain. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carlson, N. R. (1994) Physiology of behavior. Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Cho, H., Zarolia, P., Gazzaley, A. & Morsella, E. (2016) Involuntary symbol manipulation (Pig Latin) from external control: Implications for thought suppression. Acta Psychologica 166:3741.Google Scholar
Cisek, P. (2007) Cortical mechanisms of action selection: The affordance competition hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 362:1585–99.Google Scholar
Cisek, P. & Kalaska, J. F. (2010) Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices. Annual Review of Neuroscience 33:269–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, A. (2002) Is seeing all it seems? Action, reason and the grand illusion. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9:181202.Google Scholar
Cohen, M. A., Cavanagh, P., Chun, M. M. & Nakayama, K. (2012) The attentional requirements of consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16:411–17.Google Scholar
Cooney, J. W. & Gazzaniga, M. S. (2003) Neurological disorders and the structure of human consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:161–66.Google Scholar
Cooper, A. D., Sterling, C. P., Bacon, M. P. & Bridgeman, B. (2012) Does action affect perception or memory? Vision Research 62:235–40.Google Scholar
Corr, P. J. & Morsella, E. (2015) The conscious control of behavior: Revisiting Gray's comparator model. In: Personality and control, vol. 4, ed. Corr, P. J., Fajkowska, M., Eysenck, M. W. & Wytykowska, A., pp. 1542. Eliot Werner.Google Scholar
Crick, F. & Koch, C. (1990) Toward a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences 2:263–75.Google Scholar
Crick, F. & Koch, C. (2000) The unconscious homunculus. In: Neural correlates of consciousness, ed. Metzinger, T., pp. 103–10. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., Tranel, D. & Damasio, H. C. (1991) Somatic markers and the guidance of behavior: Theory and preliminary testing. In: Frontal lobe function and dysfunction, ed. Levin, H. S., Eisenberg, H. M. & Benton, A. L., pp. 217–29. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype: The long reach of the gene. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dehaene, S. (2014) Consciousness and the brain: Deciphering how the brain codes our thoughts. Viking.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991) Consciousness explained. Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Desender, K., van Opstal, F. V. & van den Bussche, E. (2014) Feeling the conflict: The crucial role of conflict experience in adaptation. Psychological Science 25:675–83.Google Scholar
Doesburg, S. M., Green, J. L., McDonald, J. J. & Ward, L. M. (2009) Rhythms of consciousness: Binocular rivalry reveals large-scale oscillatory network dynamics mediating visual perception. PLoS ONE 4:e0006142.Google Scholar
Doesburg, S. M., Kitajo, K. & Ward, L. M. (2005) Increased gamma-band synchrony precedes switching of conscious perceptual objects in binocular rivalry. NeuroReport 16:1139–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eeckman, F. H. & Freeman, W. J. (1990) Correlations between unit firing and EEG in the rat olfactory system. Brain Research 528(2):238–44.Google Scholar
Ehrsson, H. H. (2007) The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science 317(5841):1048.Google Scholar
Eimer, M. & Schlaghecken, F. (2003) Response facilitation and inhibition in subliminal priming. Biological Psychology 64(1):726.Google Scholar
Einstein, A. & Infeld, L. (1938/1967) The evolution of physics. Cambridge University Press/Touchstone. (Original work published in 1938).Google Scholar
Engel, A. K. & Singer, W. (2001) Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:1625.Google Scholar
Eriksen, C. W. & Schultz, D. W. (1979) Information processing in visual search: A continuous flow conception and experimental results. Perception and Psychophysics 25:249–63.Google Scholar
Filevich, E. & Haggard, P. (2013) Persistence of internal representations of alternative voluntary actions. Frontiers in Psychology 4, article 202. (Online journal) doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00202.Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (1975) Mass action in the nervous system: Examination of the neurophysiological basis of adaptive behavior through the EEG. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (1979) Nonlinear dynamics of paleocortex manifested in the olfactory EEG. Biological Cybernetics 35(1):2137.Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (1987) Nonlinear neural dynamics in olfaction as a model for cognition. In: Dynamics of sensory and cognitive processing in the brain, ed. Basar, E., pp. 1929. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (2004) William James on consciousness, revisited. Chaos and Complexity Letters 1:1742.Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (2007) Indirect biological measures of consciousness from field studies of brains as dynamical systems. Neural Networks 20:1021–31.Google Scholar
Fries, P. (2005) A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: Neuronal communication through neuronal coherence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9:474–80.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1986) The emotions. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. (2010) What is consciousness for? Pragmatics and Cognition 18(3):497551.Google Scholar
Glenn, L. L. & Dement, W. C. (1981) Membrane potential and input resistance of cat spinal motoneurons in wakefulness and sleep. Behavioural Brain Research 2:231–36.Google Scholar
Godwin, C. A., Gazzaley, A. & Morsella, E. (2013) Homing in on the brain mechanisms linked to consciousness: Buffer of the perception-and-action interface. In: The unity of mind, brain and world: Current perspectives on a science of consciousness, ed. Pereira, A. Jr. & Lehmann, D., pp. 4376. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goodale, M. & Milner, D. (2004) Sight unseen: An exploration of conscious and unconscious vision. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1977) Ever since Darwin: Reflections in natural history. Norton.Google Scholar
Gray, C. M. & Skinner, J. E. (1988) Centrifugal regulation of neuronal activity in the olfactory bulb of the waking rabbit as revealed by reversible cryogenic blockade. Experimental Brain Research 69:378–86.Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1999) The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 8(1):144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J. (2001) The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review 108:814–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallett, P. E. (1978) Primary and secondary saccades to goals defined by instructions. Vision Research 18:1279–96.Google Scholar
Hameroff, S. (2010) The “conscious pilot” – dendritic synchrony moves through the brain to mediate consciousness. Journal of Biological Physics 36:7193.Google Scholar
Harleß, E. (1861) Der Apparat des Willens [The apparatus of the will]. Zeitshrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik 38:499507.Google Scholar
Helmholtz, H. von (1856/1961) Treatise of physiological optics: Concerning the perceptions in general. In: Classics in psychology, ed. Shipley, T., pp. 79127. Philosophy Library. (Original work published in 1856).Google Scholar
Herz, R. S. (2003) The effect of verbal context on olfactory perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 132:595606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochberg, J. (1998) Gestalt theory and its legacy: Organization in eye and brain, in attention and mental representation. In: Perception and cognition at century's end: Handbook of perception and cognition, 2nd edition, ed. Hochberg, J., pp. 253306. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hommel, B. (2013) Dancing in the dark: No role for consciousness in action control. Frontiers in Psychology 4, article 380. (Online journal). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00380.Google Scholar
Hong, L. E., Buchanan, R. W., Thaker, G. K., Shepard, P. D. & Summerfelt, A. (2008) Beta (~16 Hz) frequency neural oscillations mediate auditory sensory gating in humans. Psychophysiology 45(2):197204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, G., Velmans, M. & de Fockert, J. (2009) Unconscious priming of a no-go response. Psychophysiology 46:1258–69.Google Scholar
Hummel, F. & Gerloff, C. (2005) Larger interregional synchrony is associated with greater behavioral success in a complex sensory integration task in humans. Cerebral Cortex 15:670–78.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. S. (1990) Consciousness and the computational mind. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1986) What Mary didn't know. The Journal of Philosophy 83:291–95.Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology, vols. 1 & 2. Holt/Dover.Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (2006) Motor cognition: What action tells the self. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung-Beeman, M., Bowden, E. M., Haberman, J., Frymiare, J. L., Arambel-Liu, S., Greenblatt, R., Reber, P. J. & Kounios, J. (2004) Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. PLoS Biology 2:500–10.Google Scholar
Kaufman, M. T., Churchland, M. M., Ryu, S. I. & Shenoy, K. V. (2015) Vacillation, indecision and hesitation in moment-by-moment decoding of monkey cortex. eLife 4:e04677. doi:10.7554/eLife.04677.Google Scholar
Kay, L. M. & Beshel, J. (2010) A beta oscillation network in the rat olfactory system during a 2-alternative choice odor discrimination task. Journal of Neurophysiology 104:829–39.Google Scholar
Kay, L. M., Beshel, J., Brea, J., Martin, C., Rojas-L'bano, D. & Kopell, N. (2009) Olfactory oscillations: The what, how and what for. Trends in Neurosciences 32:207–14.Google Scholar
Kim, S., Singer, B. H. & Zochowski, M. (2006) Changing roles for temporal representation of odorant during the oscillatory response of the olfactory bulb. Neural Computation 18(4):794816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsbourne, M. (1996) What qualifies a representation for a role in consciousness? In: Scientific approaches to consciousness, ed. Cohen, J. D. & Schooler, J. W., pp. 335–55. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kinsbourne, M. (2000) How is consciousness expressed in the cerebral activation manifold? Brain and Mind 2:265–74.Google Scholar
Koch, C. (2004) The quest for consciousness: A neurobiological approach. Roberts.Google Scholar
Koch, C. & Tsuchiya, N. (2007) Attention and consciousness: Two distinct brain processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11:1622.Google Scholar
Koch, C. (2014) Consciousness. Colloquium delivered at the Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, December 2, 2014. University of California.Google Scholar
Krauzlis, R. J., Bollimunta, A., Arcizet, F. & Wang, L. (2014) Attention as an effect not a cause. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18:457–64.Google Scholar
Långsjö, J. W., Alkire, M. T., Kaskinoro, K., Hayama, H., Maksimow, A., Kaisti, K. K., Aalto, S., Aantaa, R., Jääskeläinen, S. K., Revonsuo, A. & Scheinin, H. (2012) Returning from oblivion: Imaging the neural core of consciousness. The Journal of Neuroscience 32:4935–43.Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1956) Cerebral organization and behavior. Proceedings of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases 36:118.Google Scholar
Laurent, G. & Davidowitz, H. (1994) Encoding of olfactory information with oscillating neural assemblies. Science 265(5180):1872–75.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1996) The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 23:155–84.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (2012) Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron 73:653–76.Google Scholar
Lee, U., Kim, S., Noh, G. J., Choi, B. M., Hwang, E. & Mashour, G. (2009) The directionality and functional organization of frontoparietal connectivity during consciousness and anesthesia in humans. Consciousness and Cognition 18:1069–78.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989) Speaking: From intention to articulation. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, L. D., Weiner, V. S., Mukamel, E. A., Donoghue, J. A., Eskandar, E. N., Madsen, J. R., Anderson, W., Hochberg, L. R., Cash, S. S., Brown, E. N. & Purdon, P. L. (2012) Rapid fragmentation of neuronal networks at the onset of propofol-induced unconsciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109(49):E3377–86.Google Scholar
Livnat, A. & Pippenger, N. (2006) An optimal brain can be composed of conflicting agents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103:3198–202.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. (1996) Out of control: visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 65:272–92.Google Scholar
Logan, G. D., Taylor, S. E. & Etherton, J. L. (1999) Attention and automaticity: Toward a theoretical integration. Psychological Research 62:165–81.Google Scholar
Logan, G. D., Yamaguchi, M., Schall, J. D. & Palmeri, T. J. (2015) Inhibitory control in mind and brain 2.0: Blocked-input models of saccadic countermanding. Psychological Review 122:115–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logothetis, N. K. & Schall, J. D. (1989) Neuronal correlates of subjective visual perception. Science 245:761–62.Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1963) On aggression. Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar
MacLeod, C. M. & MacDonald, P. A. (2000) Interdimensional interference in the Stroop effect: Uncovering the cognitive and neural anatomy of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:383–91.Google Scholar
Macphail, E. M. (1998) The evolution of consciousness. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mainland, J. D. & Sobel, N. (2006) The sniff is part of the olfactory percept. Chemical Senses 31:181–96.Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1993) Slippage in the unity of consciousness. In: Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174, ed. Bock, G. R. & Marsh, J., pp. 168–80. Wiley.Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Martin, C., Beshel, J. & Kay, L. M. (2007) An olfacto-hippocampal network is dynamically involved in odor-discrimination learning. Journal of Neurophysiology 98(4):2196–205.Google Scholar
Mashour, G. A. (2004) Consciousness unbound: Toward a paradigm of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 100:428–33.Google Scholar
Masicampo, E. J. & Baumeister, R. F. (2013) Conscious thought does not guide moment-to-moment actions – it serves social and cultural functions. Frontiers in Psychology 4, article 478. (Online journal). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00478.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (2001) What evolution is. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. (1979) On the time-relations of mental processes: An examination of systems of processes in cascade. Psychological Review 86:287–30.Google Scholar
Meador, K. J., Ray, P. G., Echauz, J. R., Loring, D. W. & Vachtsevanos, G. J. (2002) Gamma coherence and conscious perception. Neurology 59:847–54.Google Scholar
Melzack, R. & Casey, K. L. (1968) Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain: A new conceptual model. In: The skin senses, ed. Kenshalo, D. R., pp. 423–39. Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Merker, B. (2007) Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30(1):6381; discussion 81–134.Google Scholar
Merker, B. (2012) From probabilities to percepts: A subcortical “global best estimate buffer” as locus of phenomenal experience. In: Being in time: Dynamical models of phenomenal experience, ed. Shimon, E., Tomer, F. & Zach, N., pp. 3780. John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Merker, B. (2013c) The efference cascade, consciousness, and its self: Naturalizing the first person pivot of action control. Frontiers in Psychology 4, article 501:120. (Online journal). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00501.Google Scholar
Merrick, C., Farnia, M., Jantz, T. K., Gazzaley, A. & Morsella, E. (2015) External control of the stream of consciousness: Stimulus-based effects on involuntary thought sequences. Consciousness and Cognition 33:217225.Google Scholar
Merrick, M. C., Godwin, C. A., Geisler, M. W. & Morsella, E. (2014) The olfactory system as the gateway to the neural correlates of consciousness. Frontiers in Psychology 4, article1011. (Online journal). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01011.Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1959) Liberalization of basic S-R concepts: Extensions to conflict behavior, motivation, and social learning. In: Psychology: A study of a science, vol. 2, ed. Koch, S., pp. 196292. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Minsky, M. (1985) The society of mind. Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Molapour, T., Berger, C. C. & Morsella, E. (2011) Did I read or did I name? Process blindness from congruent processing “outputs.Consciousness and Cognition 20:1776–80.Google Scholar
Morsella, E. (2005) The function of phenomenal states: Supramodular interaction theory. Psychological Review 112:1000–21.Google Scholar
Morsella, E. & Bargh, J. A. (2010b) What is an output? Psychological Inquiry 21:354–70.Google Scholar
Morsella, E. & Bargh, J. A. (2011) Unconscious action tendencies: Sources of “un-integrated” action. In: The handbook of social neuroscience, ed. Cacioppo, J. T. & Decety, J., pp. 335–47. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morsella, E., Berger, C. C. & Krieger, S. C. (2011) Cognitive and neural components of the phenomenology of agency. Neurocase 17:209–30.Google Scholar
Morsella, E., Gray, J. R., Krieger, S. C. & Bargh, J. A. (2009a) The essence of conscious conflict: Subjective effects of sustaining incompatible intentions. Emotion 9:717–28.Google Scholar
Morsella, E., Wilson, L. E., Berger, C. C., Honhongva, M., Gazzaley, A. & Bargh, J. A. (2009c) Subjective aspects of cognitive control at different stages of processing. Attention, Perception and Psychophysics 71:1807–24.Google Scholar
Morsella, E., Zarolia, P. & Gazzaley, A. (2012) Cognitive conflict and consciousness. In: Cognitive consistency: A unifying concept in social psychology, ed. Gawronski, B. & Strack, F., pp. 1946. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Mudrik, L., Faivre, N. & Koch, C. (2014) Information integration without awareness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18(9):488–96.Google Scholar
Munakata, Y., Herd, S. A., Chatham, C. H., Depue, B. E., Banich, M. T. & O'Reilly, R. C. (2011) A unified framework for inhibitory control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15:453–59.Google Scholar
Nagasako, E. M., Oaklander, A. L. & Dworkin, R. H. (2003) Congenital insensitivity to pain: An update. Pain 101:213–19.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83:435–50.Google Scholar
Nath, A. R. & Beauchamp, M. S. (2012) A neural basis for interindividual differences in the McGurk effect, a multisensory speech illusion. NeuroImage 59:781–87.Google Scholar
Neumann, O. (1987) Beyond capacity: A functional view of attention. In: Perspectives on perception and action, ed. Heuer, H. & Sanders, A. F., pp. 361–94. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Neville, K. R. & Haberly, L. B. (2003) Beta and gamma oscillations in the olfactory system of the urethane-anesthetized rat. Journal of Neurophysiology 90(6):3921–30.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. D. (1977) Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59.Google Scholar
Oberauer, K. & Hein, L. (2012) Attention to information in working memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science 21:164–69.Google Scholar
Öhman, A. & Mineka, S. (2001) Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review 108:483522.Google Scholar
Olsson, A. & Phelps, E. A. (2004) Learned fear of “unseen” faces after Pavlovian, observational, and instructed fear. Psychological Science 15:822–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panagiotaropolous, T. I., Deco, G., Kapoor, V. & Logothetis, N. K. (2012) Neuronal discharges and gamma oscillations explicitly reflect visual consciousness in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron 74:924–35.Google Scholar
Pashler, H. (1993) Doing two things at the same time. American Scientist 81:4855.Google Scholar
Passingham, R. (1995) The frontal lobes and voluntary action. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1997) How the mind works. Norton.Google Scholar
Poellinger, A., Thomas, R., Lio, P., Lee, A., Makris, N., Rosen, B. R. & Kwong, K. K. (2001) Activation and habituation in olfaction-an fMRI study. Neuroimage 13(4):547–60.Google Scholar
Poehlman, T. A., Jantz, T. K. & Morsella, E. (2012) Adaptive skeletal muscle action requires anticipation and “conscious broadcasting.Frontiers in Cognition 3, article 369. (Online journal). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00369.Google Scholar
Preston, J. & Wegner, D. M. (2009) Elbow grease: The experience of effort in action. In: Oxford handbook of human action, ed. Morsella, E., Bargh, J. A. & Gollwitzer, P. M., pp. 469–86. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Prinz, J. (2007) The intermediate level theory of consciousness. In: The Blackwell companion to consciousness, ed. Velmans, M. & Schneider, S., pp. 248–60. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Prinz, W. (2003b) How do we know about our own actions? In: Voluntary action: Brains, minds, and sociality, ed. Maasen, S., Prinz, W. & Roth, G., pp. 2133. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Prinz, W. (2012) Open minds: The social making of agency and intentionality. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Puttemans, V., Wenderoth, N. & Swinnen, S. P. (2005) Changes in brain activation during the acquisition of a multifrequency bimanual coordination task: From the cognitive stage to advanced levels of automaticity. Journal of Neuroscience 25:4270–78. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3866-04.2005 Google Scholar
Ramachandran, V. S. (1999) Phantoms in the brain: Probing the mysteries of the human mind. Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Riddle, T. A., Rosen, H. J. & Morsella, E. (2015) Is that me? Sense of agency as a function of intra-psychic conflict. Journal of Mind and Behavior 36:2746.Google Scholar
Roe, A. & Simpson, G. G. (1958) Behavior and evolution. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Roser, M. & Gazzaniga, M. S. (2004) Automatic brains—interpretive minds. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13:5659.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, D. A. (2002) Motor control. In: Stevens' handbook of experimental psychology: Vol. 1. Sensation and perception, 3rd edition, ed. Yantis, S., pp. 315–39. [Series editor: H. Pashler]. Wiley.Google Scholar
Sauseng, P. & Klimesch, W. (2008) What does phase information of oscillatory brain activity tell us about cognitive processes? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32(5):1001–13.Google Scholar
Schlaghecken, F., Bowman, H. & Eimer, M. (2006) Dissociating local and global levels of perceptuo-motor control in masked priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 32(3):618–32.Google Scholar
Schroter, M., Spoormaker, V., Schorer, A., Wohlschlager, A., Czish, M., Kochs, E., Zimmer, C., Hemmer, B., Schneider, G., Jordan, D. & Ilg, R. (2012) Spatiotemporal reconfiguration of large-scale brain functional networks during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Journal of Neuroscience 32:12832–40.Google Scholar
Schrouff, J., Perlbarg, V., Boly, M., Marrelec, G., Boveroux, P., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Bruno, M. A., Laureys, S., Phillips, C., Pélégrini-Isaac, M., Maquet, P. & Benali, H. (2011) Brain functional integration decreases during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. NeuroImage 57:198205.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (2000) Consciousness. Annual Review of Neurosciences 23:557–78.Google Scholar
Selfridge, O. G. (1959) Pandemonium: A paradigm for learning. In: Mechanization of thought processes: Proceedings of a Symposium held at the National Physics Laboratory, November 1958, vol. 1, ed. Blake, D. V. & Uttley, A. J.. pp. 511–26. Her Majesty's Stationary Office.Google Scholar
Sergent, C. & Dahaene, S. (2004) Is consciousness a gradual phenomenon? Evidence for an all-or-none bifurcation during the attentional blink. Psychological Science 15:720–28.Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1972) Dual functions of consciousness. Psychological Review 79:383–93.Google Scholar
Shepherd, G. M. (2006) Smell images and the flavour system in the human brain. Nature 444(7117):316–21.Google Scholar
Shepherd, G. M. (2007) Perspectives on olfactory processing, conscious perception, and orbitofrontal cortex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1121:87101.Google Scholar
Siegel, M., Donner, T. H. & Engel, A. K. (2012) Spectral fingerprints of large-scale neuronal interactions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13:121–34.Google Scholar
Simons, D. J. & Levin, D. T. (1997) Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1:261–67.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. G. (1949) The meaning of evolution. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Singer, W. (2011) Consciousness and neuronal synchronization. In: The neurology of consciousness, ed. Laureys, S. & Tononi, G., pp. 4352. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behavior. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sobel, N., Prabhakaran, V., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., Sullivan, E. V. & Gabrieli, J. D. (2000) Time course of odorant-induced activation in the human primary olfactory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 83(1):537–51.Google Scholar
Sperry, R. W. (1952) Neurology and the mind-brain problem. American Scientist 40:291312.Google Scholar
Stevenson, R. J. (2009) Phenomenal and access consciousness in olfaction. Consciousness and Cognition 18:1004–17. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.09.005.Google Scholar
Stopfer, M., Bhagavan, S., Smith, B. H. & Laurent, G. (1997) Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour-encoding neural assemblies. Nature 390(6655):7074.Google Scholar
Suhler, C. L. & Churchland, P. S. (2009) Control: Conscious and otherwise. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13:341–47.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E. (2002) Social functionalist frameworks for judgment and choice: Intuitive politicians, theologians, and prosecutors. Psychological Review 109:451–71.Google Scholar
Thagard, P. & Stewart, T. C. (2014) Two theories of consciousness: Semantic pointer competition vs. information integration. Consciousness and Cognition 30:7390.Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1905) The functions of mental states. In: The elements of psychology, ed. Thorndike, E. L., pp. 111–19. A. G. Seiler.Google Scholar
Tipper, S. P. (1985) The negative priming effect: Inhibitory priming by ignored objects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 37A:571–90.Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1948) Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review 55:189208.Google Scholar
Tsotsos, J. K. (1995) Behaviorist intelligence and the scaling problem. Artificial Intelligence 75:135–60.Google Scholar
Tsotsos, J. K. (2011) A computational perspective on visual attention. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Uhlhaas, P. J., Pipa, G., Lima, B., Melloni, L., Neuenschwander, S., Nikolic, D. & Singer, W. (2009) Neural synchrony in cortical networks: History, concept and current status. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 3, article 17. (Online journal). doi:10.3389/neuro.07.017.2009.Google Scholar
Van Opstal, F., Gevers, W., Osman, M. & Verguts, T. (2010) Unconscious task application. Consciousness and Cognition 19:9991006.Google Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H. & Zibrowski, E. M. (2001) Pyriform cortex beta-waves: Odor-specific sensitization following repeated olfactory stimulation. Brain Research 892:301308.Google Scholar
von Stein, A. & Sarnthein, J. (2000) Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: From local gamma to long range alpha/theta synchronization. International Journal of Psychophysiology 38(3):301–13.Google Scholar
Ward, L. M. (2003) Synchronous neural oscillations and cognitive processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:553–59.Google Scholar
Welford, A. T. (1952) The “psychological refractory period” and the timing of high-speed performance: A review and a theory. British Journal of Psychology 43:219.Google Scholar
Werner, H. & Kaplan, B. (1963) Symbol formation. Wiley.Google Scholar
Wessel, J. R., Haider, H. & Rose, M. (2012) The transition from implicit to explicit representations in incidental learning situations: More evidence from high-frequency EEG coupling. Experimental Brain Research 217:153–62.Google Scholar
Wilke, M., Mueller, K.-M. & Leopold, D. A. (2009) Neural activity in the visual thalamus reflects perceptual suppression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106:9465–70. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900714106.Google Scholar
Woodman, G. F. & Vogel, E. K. (2005) Fractionating working memory: Consolidation and maintenance are independent. Psychological Science 16:106113.Google Scholar
Wundt, W. (1902/1904) Principles of physiological psychology, trans. Titchener, E. B.. Sonnenschein. (Original work published in 1902; English translation from the 5th German edition [1904]).Google Scholar
Xu, F., Greer, C. A. & Shepherd, G. M. (2000) Odor maps in the olfactory bulb. Journal of Comparative Neurology 422(4):489–95.Google Scholar
Zibrowski, E. M. & Vanderwolf, C. H. (1997) Oscillatory fast wave activity in the rat pyriform cortex: Relations to olfaction and behavior. Brain Research 766:3949.Google Scholar