An investigation was carried out during the Illex argentinus trawl fishery (January-July) in the fishery regions of 42 °S and 45-47 °S off the Exclusive Economic Zone of Argentina between 1985 and 1990. Statoliths of 5,232 squid were sampled and processed to study age and growth patterns in squid, hatched in different months. Among squid of similar ages (within an age interval from 180 to 300 days), the May-hatched squid were the smallest while the September-hatched were largest. Growth rates of squid of the same hatching-months were significantly different according to year, but these differences were considerably smaller than those observed between various hatching-months within one year. The largest individuals at a given age were captured in 1990, and the smallest in 1985. Males and females became mature at age 220-320 and 210-360 days respectively. The maturation period lasts 1.5-2.5 months in males and 1 month in females. Early and late-maturing groups were observed within each hatching-month. The peak. of spawning was in July of 1984, 1986, 1987, in June of 1985 and in August of 1989.

L'étude des carnets de pêche des marins-pêcheurs et l'échantillonnage des captures ont permis de cerner les caractéristiques biologiques des populations de grandes aloses (Alosa alosa L.) prélevées sur l'Adour de 1988 à 1991 et d'étudier l'influence des conditions hydroclimatiques sur le niveau moyen des captures journalières par sortie. Les aloses sont principalement recrutées dans l'estuaire entre le début du mois d'avril et la fin du mois de mai: entre 78 et 89 % selon les années. Les mâles sont en moyenne plus jeunes et à âge égal plus petits et moins lourds que les femelles. Ces résultats confortent les connaissances obtenues sur les principaux stocks français qui remontent les systèmes fluviaux de la Loire et de la Gironde. Les analyses effectuées soit par l'Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances soit par l'utilisation du Modèle Linéaire Généralisé indiquent que les variations conjuguées du débit fluvial et du coefficient de marée ont une influence sur l'abondance des captures journalières exprimées en kg par sortie. Le travail réalisé à l'aide de ces deux méthodes complémentaires d'analyse permet à la fois de décrire et de quantifier les liens entre les captures par sortie (CPUE) et les facteurs hydroclimatiques. En effet, une augmentation de ces CPUE est constatée avec l'accroissement des coefficients de marée, le débit fluvial intervenant comme facteur de modulation secondaire.

A new fishing method has been developed during the last twelve years by the tuna baitboats fishing seasonaly (from July to December) in the area of Senegal and Mauritania (West Africa, 12 to 21° N). Three species of tunas, yellowfin, skipjack and bigeye tunas are caught in similar proportions in this fishery. This method has produced a dramatic increase in the baitboat catch per unit of effort (CPUE). The paper describes this new fishing method where the boat is permanently running associated with a very large tuna school, night and day, during several months. A team of two baitboats exploits each school, operating one after the other. The biological and environmental characteristics of this associated-school fishing are analyzed from detailed log book data. The daily positions of each school and the catches by species and sizes are analyzed for each boat and school. The dynamics of the association between the tunas and the baitboat and the dynamics of this exploitation (i.e. input and output of tunas in each school) are discussed in relation to the peculiarities of the local environment (mainly sea surface temperature and bathymetry). The reasons for the increased CPUE in this associated-school fishing are analyzed. Further researchesshould be conducted in order to better understand how fish behaviour relates to this fishing mode and in order to estimate the potential local yield of the fishery, if increased fishing effort is exerted in the future.

En julio de 1989 y 1990 se hicieron dos cosechas comerciales de Gelidium sesquipedale mediante arranque y corte, con objeto de observar la recuperación, obteniendo datos que sienten las bases biológicas para establecer un plan de gestión del recurso.

Se observa una reducción de la biomasa del 80 % tras la cosecha, no variando la densidad de frondes y reduciéndose la talla media de la poblacion un 48 % por corte y un 31 % por arranque. Los 3 ó 4 meses que siguen a la cosecha son muy importantes en la recuperación de la biomasa, de manera que en octubre ya no existen diferencias significativas entre las medias de las zonas cosechadas y control. En este período, frente a tasas de crecimiento nulas en la zona control, se obtienen valores alrededor de 1.3 %.día−1 en las cosechadas, mientras que entre marzo y julio oscilan alrededor de 0.9 %.día.−1.

La producción es 1.4 veces mayor en las áreas cosechadas (valores alrededor de 1 100 g.m−2.año−1), mientras que las tasas de renovación son 2.5 veces mayores en ellas (6.8 año−1).

Los epífitos prácticamente desaparecen tras la cosecha, pero se recuperan al mes siguiente, no aumentando su biomasa en relación a la de la control.

Time series (1965-1985) of Illex illecebrosus catch and morphometric data from the Northwest Atlantic were analysed to describe geographic variability in population structure. The areas studied were NAFO sub-areas 3 to 6, which range from Newfoundland to the northeastern USA shelf. Population components, reflecting seasonal spawning groups, were identified based on analysis of length frequency data. Components 3 and 4 represent two prominent life cycles: the summer spawners and winter spawners respectively. Components 1, 2, and 5 do not represent different life cycles, but result from the capacity to shift between life cycles by prolonging (or shortening) the life span. The presence of up to five components in the southern area illustrates a life history strategy involving protracted spawning and complex population structure. There was clear geographic variability in annual catch, with fluctuations being most extreme in the most northern area. Annual catch levels in all areas were significantly correlated with the abundance of the winter-spawning component, as represented by the number of squid within samples which belong to component 4. Population structure in the most northem area was simplest and catch levels therefore were most dependent on the highly migratory winter-spawning component. This leads to greater catchvariability in the most northern area than in the other areas. The advantages of good feeding conditions may compensate for the risks associated with long-range migrations, especially recruitment failure. Life history strategies involving migratory and non-migratory population components limit the risk of recruitment failure. The overall resultant life history strategy for Illex illecebrosus is one that ensures survival of the species by stabilizing recruitment in at least one (southern) area through protracted spawning, complex population structure and interaction of spawning components.

A wide spectrum of fish hosts in the Gulf of Guinea was examined for infestation with trypanorhynchid cestodes. A total of 1341 specimens belonging to 45 species were examined. The following 9 trypanorhynchid species were identified: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, Grillotia perelica, Nybelinia sp., Otobothrium cysticum, O. dipsacum, Otobothrium sp., Poecilancistrum caryophyllum, Ptero-bothrium sp. and one unidentified species. The pattern of occurrence of Callitetrarhynchus gracilis has been used to draw conclusions on a possible 4-host life cycle of the species, involving two obligatory teleost host fish species, small clupeids and large predatory fish. The most abundant parasite was O. cysticum which was found in 8 host fishes. In general most other species occurred in one host fish species only. The study confirms the predominance of otobothriid cestodes in the parasite fauna of tropical and subtropical teleost fish species. Since only Pseudotolithus senegalensis and Stromateus fiatola harboured flesh infestations, trypanorhynchids do not pose serious dangers to the marketability of most commercially important fish species in the area. The method of scanning electron microscopy was used to clarify the details of hooklet arrangement on the tentacular armature of some species for the first time.

This study was undertaken in a pond used for natural spawning of pike. Zooplankton and pike larvaewere sampled using a horizontal haul net (120 μm or 1 mm mesh size) through the aquatic vegetation. Among the different class sizes of larvae, one cohort was isolated (11.1 mm < L < 46 mm), in which larval pike first fed on small Cyclopoids then switched to Cladocerans until they fed on insect larvae. Length (1.2 mm/day) and weight growth were found to be fast. Between day 8 and day 13 of exogenous feeding there was a marked decrease of reserve lipids of larvae. This decrease coincided with a lower growth and seemed to be ascribable to changes from Cyclopoid (60.4% of ingested prey) to 2 species of Cladoceran (42.4% and 36.4% of ingested prey), in the feeding sequence of larvae. Pike probably found difficulties in capturing Cyclopoid and digesting Cladocerans as their alimentary canal was not completely developed. After day 13, Cladoceran digestibility was good as the S-bend gut was formed, when triacylglycerol content of larvae increased until the experiment ceased. As indicators, of good growth, we detected increasing amounts of phospholipids throughout the whole study. The fatty acid composition of larval triacylglycerolsappeared to be very similar to the composition of zooplankton lipids. Dietary fatty acids could havebeen incorporated whithout modification into triacylglycerols and into phospholipids possibly with limited elongation/desaturation. The results suggest that pike larvae require both (n-3) FA and (n-6) FA.

A protocol for the extraction of genomic DNA from teleost fish was developed and produced high molecular weight DNA from English sole, white sucker and rainbow trout. A protocol for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of tumour suppressor gene p53 from rainbow trout genomic DNA was developed. Several primers were chosen inside exon 5 and 9 and exon 6 and 7. A successful PCR method yielded the conserved exon 5 to 9 region of genomic rainbow trout p53 in two fragments: fragment 1 comprising exons 5 and 6 and fragment 2 spanning the region of exons 7 to 9. The apparent molecular weight of fragments 1 and 2 were 510 and 760 base pairs respectively. The sequences of both fragments including the introns were determined and gave 515 and 793 bp for the two PCR fragments. These sequences will facilitate examination of tumour suppressor gene p53 conserved exons from genomic DNA e.g. for study of p53 mutations in fish.

Les lagunes côtières doivent leur forte productivité aux échanges qu'elles entretiennent avec les eaux marines et continentales. Au Togo, en période de fermeture du cordon littoral (situation observée en 1994), la salinité est faible: 1 psu à Agbodrafo, ainsi que la diversité spécifique du peuplement étudié (Ish = 2,13). A l'inverse, après une période de communication avec la mer comme ce fut le cas en 1989, la salinité remonte sur l'ensemble du plan d'eau (7 psu à Agbodrafo) et les peuplements de poissons et de crustacés sont plus variés (Ish = 2.74) et à tendance marine ou marine-estuarienne (Liza, Caranx, Penaeus, Gerres...). Dans ce cas, les rendements élevés (300 à 400 kg/ha/an) s'expliquent par un enrichissement du milieu lagunaire dû aux apports marins et à l'introduction d'espèces marines. En situation d'isolement, les peuplements sont essentiellement estuariens et largement dominés par les Cichlidae et plus particulièrement Sarotherodon melanotheron qui représente à lui seul 50 % des captures totales. Dans un contexte de pêche particulièrement active, l'expansion de cette espèce est certainement due au fait qu'elle présente une reproduction continue. Néanmoins, les valeurs des rendements totaux observés (160 kg/h/dan), des tailles maximales (250 mm), des tailles moyennes de capture (120 mm) et des tailles de première maturité sexuelle (85 mm), inférieures aux valeurs rencontrées dans les autres lagunes de la région (Nigeria et Côte-d'Ivoire), semblent traduire une croissance de Sarotherodon plus faible au Togo. L'absence de communication avec la mer et la pression de pêche intensive seraient à l'origine d'une prolifération de cette espèce dont les fortes abondances entraîneraient à leur tour un ralentissement de la croissance.

Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate growth and survival rates of African catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciennes, 1840) larvae fed with different diets: live Artemia nauplii, frozen Artemia nauplii, live zooplankton (Moina micrura), frozen zooplankton (Moina micrura), a dry diet based on yeast powder and beef liver, and a commercial trout starter diet. The larvae were fed in excess, six timesper day every 4 hours, from the onset of exogenous feeding up to an age of 14 days. In both experiments the final mean weight and specific growth rate of fish fed live Artemia nauplii were significantly higher than those of fish fed other diets (p > 0.05). Survival rates of fish fed Artemia (live or frozen), Moina micrura (live or frozen) and dry diet did not significantly differ (p > 0.05) and ranged from 79 to 92% and 61 to73% for experiment 1 and experiment 2, respectively. The commercial trout diet led to significantly lower growth and survival rates in comparison to all other diets tested. Although it led to a lower growth rate than that obtained with Artemia, Moina micrura proved suitable for first feeding of H. longifilis larvae. Locally available in West African waters, this cladocera could constitute a valuable alternative for larval rearing when a shortage of Artemia is expenenced. The results also showed that the artificial feed based on yeastpowder and beef liver leads to survival rates as high as those obtained with living diets and thus represents a promising way for feeding H. longifilis fry. However, further studies on the nutritional requirements of the larvae remain necessary in order to improve the efficiency of dry diet in terms of growth performance.

Dry diets containing varying levels of dried fermented fish silage and soybean meal blend (FS: SBM) as replacement for 25,50 or 75% of fish meal protein were fed to juvenile Oreochromis niloticus (8.2 ± 0.1 g) and Clarias gariepinus (10.8 ± 0.3 g) at 5% body weight per day for 70 days. Diets containing co-dried FS: SBM supported weight gains and growth rates similar to those in the control treatment without significant differences (p > 0.05). Feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive values followed a similar trend with growth performance values. Apparent protein digestibility decreased in both fish species with increasing dietary level of co-dried FS: SBM Carcass composition of experimental fish were not affected by the diets and morphological defects were not observed. Results indicate that co-dried FS: SBM can partially replace fish meal protein as well as establish the potential of utilizing waste/undersized tilapias as a protein feedstuff in dry aquaculture diets.

The measurement of the fluorescent 4-methyl-7-coumarinylamine released from the hydrolysis of a non-fluorescent peptide model substrate by exoproteolytic enzymes has been adapted to flow injection analysis (FIA). FIA allows samples to be processed very quickly (less than 2 min for triplicate determinations) with good sensitivity (< 0.1 μM) and reproducibility (relative standard deviation < 3% at the 0.2 μM level). In a coastal marine pond, exoproteolytic activity was closely related to bacterioplankton biomass. The high activity measured in pond water (maximum velocity: VM = 1.46 to 2.54 μM.h−1) emphasizes the importance of dissolved protein hydrolysis for bacterial growth and for dissolved organic nitrogen cycling. The mean turnover time of dissolved peptides was 7.6 days, and amino acids liberated by exoproteolytic activity could potentially support, on average, 40% of the bacterial nitrogen demand.

A non-destructive method for determining water, protein, lipid and ash content along with lean bodymass (LBM; total body mass – total lipid mass) in live channel catfish was evaluated. This non-invasive technique involved placing the fish within a low-frequency electromagnetic field and measuring the total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) based on the distinct electrical characteristics of body fat and fat-free tissues. The correlations between TOBEC and whole-body composition were examined using age-1+ channel catfish ranging from 44 to 175 g. Significant linear relationships between TOBEC, body weight, and total length, or combinations of these parameters, and LBM, ash, lipid, protein, and water content were found; r2 values ranged from 0.863 to 0.998. Equations for predicting body composition from TOBEC and morphometric measurements were developed. Analysis of an independent group of fish demonstrated TOBEC equations to be reliable predictors of body composition. This technique should allow successive monitoring of body composition of individual fish at different times and provide additional insight intothe body composition dynamics of channel catfish.

Adult two-year-old broodstock sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), raised in captivity, were fed ad libitum a natural diet (trash fish) until the end of their first spawning, and maintained under natural conditions of light and temperature. Six months before the second spawning, fish were randomly separated in two tanks with running sea water (salinity 37.80‰, pH 8.3) and maintained under similar environmental conditions. Fish were fed two different ration levels: group F, 1.04%, and group H, 0.45% body weight/day. The Jow ration supplied affected broodstock growth as indicated by decreased growth rates in weight and condition factor in group H, when compared to group F. The mean fecundity per female (No. eggs/female) in group H fish was similar to that from F group, while the relative fecundity (No. eggs/kg female) was more elevated in the H group. However, group H showed a delay in spawning time and slightly higher number of spawnings per female and larger spawning period, when compared to group F fish. In addition, group H females had reduced 17β-estradiol (E2) plasma levels and presented vitellogenic oocytes in the ovary a month later than group F females. By contrast, the vitellogenin (VGT) plasma levels remained similar between groups over the reproductive cycle. The egg quality (i.e. percentage of buoyant eggs), the egg biochemical composition and larval survival at hatching were similar between the two groups. The larvae from both groups also exhibited the same survival after 40 days of culture, although group H produced smaller eggs that yielded smaller newly-hatched larvae. Although the low ration supplied significantly reduced the growth and E2 plasma levels of sea bass, these preliminary results suggest that these changes do not dramatically affect the egg viability or the survival of larvae 46 days after hatching.

L'élevage de groupes d'atipas, Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828). en bassins de pisciculture, ou de couples isolés en viviers, a montré que, dans ces conditions, la chronologie de la reproduction de l'espèce, établie par le dénombrement des nids et des pontes, reste comparable à celle observée dans le milieu naturel et s'étend de début novembre à fin mai. L'élevage de couples isolés a montré une régression du poids de la ponte en fonction de son numéro d'ordre. Chez les femelles d'un poids moyen de 207 g, ce poids diminue de la première (66,7 g) à la troisième ponte pour se stabiliser à 21,9 g. Chez les femelles d'un poids moyen de 89 g se reproduisant pour la première fois, cette diminution est de moindre amplitude. De 28,5 g pour la première ponte, la masse d'œufs pondue se stabilise à 23,9 g à partir de la troisième ponte. Le nombre de pontes au cours d'un cycle annuel peut s'élever à 14 et la production annuelle d'œufs peut atteindre 180 g, soit 48 600 œufs, pour une femelle de 89 g, ou 340 g, soit 91 900 œufs, pour une femelle de 207 g. Ces nombres d'œufs ont été évalués sur la base d'un poids unitaire de 3,7 mg, poids moyen déduit de la pesée et du dénombrement de 55 pontes. Au cours d'une saison de reproduction, les femelles de 207 g accusent en moyenne un déclin du poids corporel de 23 %. Chez les mâles d'un poids moyen de 292 g, cette perte de poids, plus modeste, atteint 9 % du poids initial. Chez des sujets se reproduisant pour la première fois, cette perte de poids est de 10 % pour les femelles de 89 g et de 0,4 % pour les mâles de 185 g. Les observations menées sur des groupes de sujets élevés collectivement en bassin ont montré que 49 °C des nids contenant des œufs abriteraient la ponte de 2 femelles ou plus et que 5 femelles peuvent pondre simultanément dans un même nid. Dans la pisciculture, 48 % des nids observés ne contenaient pas de ponte et les périodes où le taux de nid vide est le plus important encadrent la période correspondant à l'activité maximale de reproduction (janvier-février). Par ailleurs, le taux de nid vide n'est pas corrélé à l'importance des pluies. Le prélèvement d'alevins opéré à un moment tardif du cycle de reproduction serait susceptible de relancer l'activité de ponte mais n'engendrerait pas d'augmentation significative de la durée de la période de reproduction. De même, la mise en présence tardive des géniteurs ne semble pas générer d'allongement de la période de reproduction. La conclusion porte sur l'intégration de ces divers résultats à une vision globale de la stratégie de reproduction de l'espèce.

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the impact of damming on the spawning migrations of Barbus barbus in the canalized River Meuse (Southern Belgium). A Denil fish pass on the Ampsin-Neuville dam was controlled 251 times in 1989-1993. The most striking feature is the almost complete absence of barbel in 1990-1993 (15 fishes in 4 years). Most captures of barbel in the fish pass in 1989 were clumped within a few days (mid-May) and related with spawning migrations. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that attractivity was the major condition set allowing barbel to migrate successfully through the pass, while feasibility parameters (water velocity) were found not to be relevant. The variables involved in the attractivity condition set refer indirectly to the influence of water catchment by a hydroelectric plant and to the relative importance of the flow in the pass. The study concludes that this additional condition set significantly interferes with the natural environmental stimuli triggering spawning migrations in barbel and questions the effectiveness of the thermally-related reproductive strategy of the species in an environment with restricted longitudinal connectivity. This statement is discussed in parallel with the recent evolution of barbel populations in canalized rivers.

Pike-perch Stizostedion lucioperca larvae fasted or given two diets (artificial feed, zooplankton) were studied by transmission electron microscopy and using specific cytological dyes. The objective of this work was to assess the changes in the yolk sac, liver and anterior intestine following the mouth opening stage (95 °C.d, day 5 - 5.8 mm) from endo- to exotrophy periods. The yolk sac included a syncytial envelope closely bound to the proteinaceous vitellus and the oil globule. Its development was similar to that observed in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo fario trutta )and sea-bream (Sparus aurata,) but without vitellus fragmentation into platelets. Vitellus resorption was never achieved in dying larvae. From the end of the endotrophic phase onwards, the amount of hepatic glycogen decreased. Carbohydrate disappeared at the beginning of the exotrophic phase then increased after 220 °C.d (day 10 - 6.0 mm), mainly in zooplankton-fed larvae. Lipids from enterocytes, sinusoids and general blood Stream showed a similar development. They were abundant at 95 °C.d, progressively disappeared up to 260 °C.d (day 12 - 6.3 mm), and increased again from 350 °C.d (day 16 - 6.7 mm) onwards if larvae were fed zooplankton. Dietary lipids did not seem to immediately replace yolk lipids despite absorption in the gut. Various hypotheses are proposed to explain the physiological abnormalities of this critical larval stage. Although zooplankton appeared to have better nutritional qualities than the artificial feed, these two foods proved to be quite unsatisfactory as they induced liver cell changes typical of food deficiency, generally observed in starving larvae.

The process of sperm penetration into the egg of the European catfish Silurus glanis L. was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Unfertilized ovum membrane under the internal micropylar aperture shows a critical depression with undulation and short microvilli corresponding to a specialized sperm entry site structure. Twenty seconds after insemination, the fertilizing spermatozoon fused with the egg at this specialized structure, without formation of an earlier fertilization cone, which had been confirmed in eggs of other fish. A cytoplasmic eminence developed however, immediately under the fused sperm head and then disappeared with time after fertilization to form a circular area around the fused sperm head, which in turn became embedded in the circular area with shortening of the flagellum. The micropyle in the catfish egg consisted of a micropylar vestibule and a canal, the internal micropylar canal being wide enough to permit the penetration of only one spermatozoon.

Juveniles of the common dentex (Dentex dentex) (2.4 g mean weight), were grown over a 6 week period, fed exclusively on a commercial sea bream diet or an isocaloric moist pellet diet, which was produced on site. Ambient temperature (24.4-26.2 °C) and oxygen content (4.8-5.9 mg/L), as well as the relatively low stocking density (max. 2.62 kg/m3) provided favourable rearing conditions. Survival (63.8% vs 51.6%), specific growth rates (6.1% vs 4.5%) and food conversion efficiency (115.8% vs 76.3%) were considerably elevated in the group fed on moist pellets. The growth performance parameters recorded are considered to be favourable for aquaculture requirements. Agonistic behaviour (particular biting of the tail) was found to be the main cause of the continuous mortality that occurred in both feed groups (78% and 64.8% of total mortality in the dry- and moist-pellet group, respectively). These biting attacks targeted the smallest individuals in a tank, whose mean individual weight made up 49-62% (with dry pellet diet) and 28.9-46.6% (with moist pellet diet) of the respective mean weights. The results indicate a strong relationship between nutrition, size variation and agonistic behaviour in the rearing of cornmon dentex juveniles.

In the south-west lagoon of New Caledonia, the first sexual maturity size is 45 mm for Annachlamys flabellata (Bernadi), 60 mm for Comptopallium radula (L.) and 50 mm for Mimachlamys gloriosa (Reeve). The global sex-ratio was not significantly different from 1:1 for C. radula unlike A. flabellata andM. gloriosa (1.3:1 for two species). The significantly greater mean size of females suggests a protandric sex reversal. The reproductive cycle was studied monthly for two years for M. gloriosa and one year for C. radula and A. flabellata, then weekly over periods of 12 months for M. gloriosa and 6 months for C. radula. Reproduction of the three species occurs throughout the year with a maximal activity during the warm season. M. gloriosa and C. radula are capable of spawning several times a month. Fluctuations of reproductive intensity are related to temperature and salinity fluctuations.