An examination of 111 fish of eight species, including 92 immature Notothenia rossii Richardson revealed nine acanthocephalan species, including four Echinorhynchida occurring in the alimentary tract and five Polymorphida in the body cavity. Echinorhynchida were much more numerous (87% specimens of 4855 collected), especially Metacanthocephalus johnstoni Zdzitowiecki (the dominant species) and Aspersentis megarhynchus (Linstow). The Polymorphida parasites of seals (three species) were more abundant than species parasitic in birds (two species). Association of most of species, (except Corynosoma bullosum (Linstow) and Echinorhynchus spp.), with the inshore (fjord) environment was confirmed. The species diversity, prevalence and density of infection increased with the size of immature N. rossii. Differences in acanthocephalan occurrence and changes with time are related to differences in host distribution and abundance. For example, the occurrence of C. arctocephali in N. rossii at South Georgia is related to the increase of the fur seal population. A list of acanthocephalans in fish at South Georgia and the South Shetland Islands (14 species in total) is included.

Maximum dive depths have been recorded for a number of sea-bird species using simple lightweight capillary gauges (Burger & Wilson 1988). So far these studies have been confined to penguins (Montague 1985, Seddon & van Heezik 1990, Whitehead 1989, Wilson & Wilson 1990, Scolaro & Suburo 1991), alcids (Burger & Simpson 1986, Burger & Powell 1988, Harris et al. 1990, Burger 1991) and cormorants (Burger 1991, Wanless et al. 1991).

Twenty two samples collected from the Tertiary La Meseta Formation of Cape Wiman, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula yielded abundant and moderately diverse assemblages of marine palynoflora, dominated by dinoflagellate cysts, together with acritarchs and chlorophyta. The assemblages can be divided into three association: Association 1, characterized by low diversity dinoflagellate assemblage of late Early Eocene age which are dominated by Enigmadinium cylindrifloriferum; Association 2 characterized by more diverse dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, which show a marked decrease in the dominance of E. cylindrifloriferum, and an increase in relative abundance of Areosphaeridium cf. diktyoplokus; and Association 3 which is characterized by a decrease in dinoflagellate cyst diversity up section. Changes in dinoflagellate cyst dominance and diversity throughout the section suggests a gradation from a stressed, shallow marine palaeoenvironment to a more open near-shore, shallow marine system becoming progressively more nearshore up section. The assemblages are no older than late Early Eocene in age, and possibly as young as Mid–Late Eocene.

Pringlea antiscorbutica R. Br. (Brassicaceae) and Ranunculus moseleyi Hook. f. (Ranunculaceae) are two species endemic to the subantarctic phytogeographical zone of the south Indian Ocean (Marion and Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen and Heard Islands) (Chastain 1958). The first species is the well-known “Kerguelen cabbage”, and for this taxonomic anomaly a monospecific genus was created (Hooker 1848). The only chromosome count available is by Hamel (1951). The second species Ranunculus moseleyi was first believed to be a strict endemic of the Kerguelen Islands, and then apparently was recorded on Crozet and Marion Islands (Greene & Walton 1975).

The Bunger Hills were covered by the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the last glaciation. During deglaciation the ice sheet margin collapsed into the marine inlets and the sea entered the oasis before 7.7 ka BP. Raised beaches occur widely below 8.5 m and indicate uplift at 1.4 m ka−1 during the middle and late Holocene. After the coastal inlets were formed, the Edisto Ice Tongue and Apfels Glacier still impinged on land margins in the west of the oasis. Two sets of marginal moraines were formed; the Older Edisto Moraines after 6.2 ka BP and the Younger Edisto Moraines during the last few centuries. The margins of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and Apfels Glacier in the south have maintained their present positions since at least 5.6 ka BP and probably 10 ka BP.

The late Proterozoic basement of the Porthos Range northern Prince Charles Mountains, east Antarctica, is dominated by a suite of felsic to mafic granulites derived from igneous and, less importantly, sedimentary protoliths. Compositionally, they are broadly similar to granulites occurring along the Mac. Robertson Land coast and southern Prince Charles Mountains. Ultramafic to mafic orthopyroxene' + clinopyroxene granulites with relict igneous layering occur as lenses within the felsic to mafic granulites, and show compositional evidence of a cumulate origin. The felsic to mafic granulites are intruded by several large charnockite bodies that have similarities to the Mawson Charnockite, and may have formed via a two-stage partial melting process. The charnockite and host granulites are chemically very similar, and both may have been derived from a common middle to lower crustal source region. Undepleted K/Rb ratios suggest retention of original chemistry, with variations being due to fractionation processes. Normalized trace element patterns resembling modern-day arc settings suggest that the Porthos Range granulites were possibly generated in a subduction zone environment.

Retention of mineral elements in precipitation by mosses and lichens involving ion exchange and chelation mechanisms is a source of nutrients for these biota growing on rocks and nutrient poor soils (Brown 1987, Crittenden 1989). In qualitative work not involving nitrogen (N) Allen et al. (1967) demonstrated that fresh Antarctic mosses treated with hydrochloric acid could retain Na, P, Ca and K after leaching with concentrated solution of these elements. Ahumic fellfield soils are widespread in Antarctica and support sparse plant growth. This short note reports the results of work designed to show that fellfield soils and plants may obtain most of their N from atmospheric precipitation.

A hermit crab assigned to Paguristes sp. is described from James Ross Island, Antarctica. The fossil was obtained from the Gamma Member of the Santa Marta Formation of late Campanian age. The specimen is associated with an external mould of the gastropod Taioma, that was encrusted by a colony of ascophoran bryozoans. Another specimen of Taioma shows typical predatory marks in the outer lip that are attributed to the action of pagurids. It is concluded that the particular dwelling habits of the hermit crabs, their symbiosis with bryozoan, and their predatory activities were already established by the end of the Cretaceous.

Detailed geological mapping and geochemical analysis of early Palaeozoic granitoid plutons and dykes from the Taylor Valley and Ferrar Glacier region in south Victoria Land reveal two distinct suites. This suite subdivision-approach is a departure from previous lithology-based schemes and can be applied elsewhere in south Victoria Land. The older calc-alkaline Dry Valleys 1 suite is dominated by the compositionally variable Bonney Pluton, a flow-foliated concordant pluton with an inferred length of over 100 km. Plutons of this suite are elongate in a NW-SE direction and appear to have been subjected to major structural control during their emplacement. The younger alkali-calcic Dry Valleys 2 suite comprises discordant plutons and numerous dyke swarms with complex age relationships. Field characteristics of this suite indicate that it was passively emplaced into fractures at higher levels in the crust than the Dry Valleys 1 suite. Whole-rock geochemistry confirms this suite subdivision based on field relationships and indicates that the two suites were derived from different parent magmas by fractional crystallization. The Dry Valleys 1 suite resembles Cordilleran I-type granitoids and is inferred to be derived from partial melting of the upper mantle and/or lower crust above an ancient subduction zone. The Dry Valleys 2 suite resembles Caledonian I-type granitoids and may have resulted from a later episode of crustal extension.

Two new U-Pb zircon ages from the area immediately west of Denman Glacier in Antarctica show that its geological history differs from that of the Obruchev Hills and Bunger Hills, to the east of the glacier. A crystallization age of 516.0 ± 1.5 Ma for syenite is by far the youngest primary age reported for this region, whereas tonalitic orthogneiss from Cape Charcot, the oldest known local rock, was derived by the high-grade metamorphism and deformation at 2889 ± 9 Ma of a 3003 ± 8 Ma igneous precursor. Both major populations of zircon in this rock lost Pb at 500–600 Ma. Although the Sm-Nd characteristics of the entire region resemble those of the Albany Mobile Belt of Western Australia, the Sm-Nd systematics of the felsic gneisses and plutonics are too old to allow direct correlation with the rocks of the Naturaliste Block (Western Australia), a potential key element for Gondwana reconstruction. However, the possibility exists that there is an indirect relationship between the Naturaliste Block and the region immediately west of Denman Glacier.

South Georgia is a highly glacierized island with a range of glacier types including corrie, valley and tidewater ice bodies. Glaciologically, it occupies a strategic location between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula and is potentially an important locality for establishing glacier-climate relationships in the region. Baseline surveys of ice front positions and ice surface profiles have been repeated to determine recent changes in several glacier types. Corrie and small, land-based valley glaciers have continued to thin and recede during the period of study, following an advance during the 1930s. Their behaviour primarily reflects the effects of seasonal temperature variations in controlling net balances, and particularly the climatic warming since 1950. The larger valley and tidewater glaciers display a lagged response and in the 1970s were at their most advanced positions since the Little Ice Age of the 17–19th centuries. However, in the last few years they too have commenced to thin and recede.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic relations have been analysed in brachiopod, gastropod, and bivalve fossils from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene-?early Oligocene), Seymour (Marambio) Island, West Antarctica. The results indicate a shift in δ13C by 6 permil beginning in the middle part of the Unit II of the formation. This shift may imply a change from a largely stratified to a vigorously mixed ocean. Such an interpretation is corroborated by changes in the elemental proportions in the shell material. Alternatively, the carbon isotopic shift may be regarded as reflecting a change in the local depositional enviornment. Such an interpretation agrees with isotopic data from the Weddell Sea, which do not confirm the pattern observed in the La Meseta Formation. In any event, the oxygen isotopic curve does not decline parallel to the carbon curve and may thus imply a considerable climatic cooling event. This effect is so profound that it might be interpreted as evidence for glaciation, especially when taking into account the fact that this phenomenon coincides with the well-known cooling trend throughout the Eocene. If this interpretation is correct, the hypothesized Glaciation may possibly be correlated with the Polonez Glaciation, the largest Cenozoic glaciation known in the Antarctic Peninsula sector. Alternatively, it may be regarded as a local phenomenon, predating development of the icesheet.

A new fossil agnathan, Turinia antarctica sp. nov., based on numerous isolated scales, comes from the lower fish-bearing beds of the Aztec Siltstone. Scales from moraine at Mount Suess, originally described as selachian or psammosteid heterostracan, are referred to the new species which shows close affinity with T. gondwana from Bolivia and T. cf. hutkensis from Iran. Reassessment of the biostratigraphy of Middle Devonian turiniid scales suggests that the lower part of the Aztec Siltstone may be of Eifelian age.

Recently, fossil land mammals have been recorded in the James Ross Island area, east of the Antarctic Peninsula, from the marine middle-late Eocene strata of Seymour Island. These include two endemic species of polydolopid marsupial: Antarctodolops dailyi Woodburne & Zinsmeister 1984, and Eurydolops seymourensis Case, Woodburne & Chaney 1988, and three partly determinate placentals identified as a tardigrade edentate, a sparnotheriodontid litoptern and a trigonostylopid astrapothere (Bond et al. 1989). The marsupials are represented by fragmentary jaw and complete dental material, the litoptern and astrapothere only by tooth fragments. All are recorded from Unit TELM 5 of the La Meseta Formation (Sadler 1988), the two ungulates at a lower level than the rest. The subject of the present note is a second tooth fragment from Seymour Island identified as an astrapothere. It is worth recording because such mammal remains are rare and it is from TELM 4, the unit below that yielding the other land mammals.

An ice dam with a former impoundment volume of 1.1 × 106 m3 is reported from the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. The ice of the dam was derived from wind-drifted snow subsequently changed into ice by normal summer melt and freeze processes. The reformation (after 1979 and 1987) and failure of this ice dam (during 1987 and 1990) indicates the potential for the release of geomorphologically significant flows in a polar climate. The origin of a nearby fluvially eroded channel is attributed to the release of an ice-dammed impoundment. The potential of such flows for reworking glacial debris may be important when considering the sedimentology of former proglacial areas.

This paper describes the results of seismic refraction investigations of the upper crustal structure in the area of Deception Island, West Antarctica, which were made during the Polish Antarctic Geodynamical Expeditions in 1979-80 and 1987-88. In the caldera and immediate vicinity of Deception Island a layer of unconsolidated and poorly consolidated young sediments of 1.9–2.2 km s−1 P-wave velocity was found. Velocities of 4.1–4.3 km s−1 were found in the depth interval from 0.6–1.3 to about 3 km. Lateral differences in upper crustal structure between the south-eastern and western sectors were identified. In the region between Deception and Livingston islands an inclined boundary with a velocity of about 6.1 km s−1 occurs. A deep fault zone dividing crustal blocks beneath Deception Island is associated with a prominent volcanic line within Bransfield Strait extending between Deception and Bridgeman islands.