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5955 results in European government, politics and policy

Page 200 of 298

  • EPR volume 4 issue 3 Cover and Front matter

  • Journal:
    European Political Science Review / Volume 4 / Issue 3 / November 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 October 2012, pp. f1-f3
    • Article
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  • EPR volume 4 issue 3 Cover and Back matter

  • Journal:
    European Political Science Review / Volume 4 / Issue 3 / November 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 October 2012, pp. b1-b2
    • Article
      • You have access
    • PDF
    • Export citation

  • Measuring political protest in Western Europe: assessing cross-national equivalence

  • Mario Quaranta
  • Journal:
    European Political Science Review / Volume 5 / Issue 3 / November 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 October 2012, pp. 457-482

  • This article tests the cross-national equivalence of the political protest scale, as developed by Barnes and Kaase, in 20 Western European countries using a battery of items included in the fourth wave of the European Values Study. The scale measuring the concept of political protest is widely used, but no evidence of cross-country equivalence has yet been provided in the literature. The article illustrates the concept of political protest, the relationship between concept formation, operationalization, and measurement equivalence, and the possible consequences of a lack of equivalence. It is argued that comparative research may be threatened by a lack of measurement equivalence. The spread of international surveys eases comparative designs, but at the same time enlarges the chances that we compare what is not actually comparable. The article then outlines an empirical strategy to assess the political protest scale's measurement equivalence. To assess cross-country equivalence, Mokken Scale Analysis, a nonparametric scaling method within the family of Item Response Theory models, is used. This has been shown to work better than Confirmatory Factor Analysis when dealing with dichotomous and polytomous items forming ordinal scales. The results show that the cross-country equivalence of the political protest scale depends on the type of measure the scholar wishes to build and use.

  • Partisanship, political constraints, and employment protection reforms in an era of austerity

  • Sabina Avdagic
  • Journal:
    European Political Science Review / Volume 5 / Issue 3 / November 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 October 2012, pp. 431-455

  • Why do some governments adopt unpopular reforms entailing far-reaching liberalization of the labor market, while others opt only for marginal adjustments or even regulatory reforms? This paper explains the likelihood of different types of reforms as an effect of different constellations of government partisanship and veto players. Combining the ‘blame avoidance’ and ‘veto players’ logics of politics, I argue that veto players have either a constraining or enabling effect depending on the partisan orientation of government. Liberalization is most likely to be adopted either by right parties facing few veto players, or by left parties in contexts with a high degree of power sharing. Regulatory reforms are most likely when left governments enjoy strong power concentration, but marginal regulation may also be adopted under external pressure by right governments facing many veto players. An analysis of employment protection reforms in 24 European Union countries during 1990–2007 supports the argument that the effect of political constraints and opportunities on the choice of reforms is shaped by partisan differences.

  • 4 - Fundamental rights

  • from Part I - European Law: Creation
  • Robert Schütze, University of Durham
  • Book:
    An Introduction to European Law
    Published online:
    05 November 2012
    Print publication:
    06 September 2012, pp 83-104

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The protection of human rights is a central task of many modern constitutions. This protective task is principally transferred onto the judiciary and involves the judicial review of governmental action. The protection of human rights may be limited to judicial review of the executive. But in its expansive form, it extends to the review of parliamentary legislation. And where this is the case, human rights will set “substantive” limits within which democratic government must take place. The European Union follows this second constitutional tradition. It considers itself to be “founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights”. Human rights are thus given a “foundational” place in the Union. They are – literally – “fundamental” rights, which constitutionally limit the exercise of all Union competences.

    What are the sources of human rights in the Union legal order? While there was no “Bill of Rights” in the original Treaties, three sources for European fundamental rights were subsequently developed. The European Court first began distilling general principles protecting fundamental rights from the constitutional traditions of the Member States. This unwritten bill of rights was inspired and informed by a second bill of rights: the European Convention on Human Rights. This external bill of rights was, decades later, matched by a written bill of rights specifically for the European Union: the Charter of Fundamental Rights.

Page 200 of 298