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After several ebbs and flows a new high-tide in population control has been gathering force since 1978. This new birth control campaign has three major features which separate it from earlier ones: consensus as to its desirability among the top leadership, the high priority being awarded to it, and a sense of urgency in achieving results.
Hu Yaobang in his report to the 12th Congress of the Communist Party of China (CCP) during September 1982 announced that the Party would implement a three-year programme of rectification starting in the second half of 1983. Meeting in Beijing on 11–12 October 1983 (and after a two-day preparatory meeting) the CCP Central Committee duly adopted at its second plenary session a “Decision on Party consolidation.” Under nine separate headings that resolution provided a relatively detailed prescription for the programme, which it announced would start during the winter of 1983.
The intimate, though as yet imperfectly understood, causal relation-ship between scientific and technological development and the economic growth in industrially advanced countries over the past 30 years has been investigated and refined over a number of years, and attempts have been made to quantify the relationship. Although a strong scientific and technological (S & T) base does not by itself guarantee rapid economic growth, most observers consider it to be a necessary prerequisite, after a certain level of development has been reached. One of the main ways that S & T act on the economic system is by the generation of new knowledge through research activities and the application of this in production. Such application often results in new products and processes which are grouped under the term “technological innovations.” The innovation process is usually defined as “the technical, industrial and commercial steps which lead to the successful marketing of new manufactured products and/or to the commercial use of technically new processes or equipment.”