INTRODUCTION

Research on the relation between work and family has demonstrated that an individual's experiences at work can have far-reaching effects, affecting not only the individuals themselves but other family members as well (see e.g., Perry-Jenkins, Repetti, & Crouter, 2000, for a review). In this chapter, we focus on the children's perspective by trying to shed light on the question of how mothers' or fathers' employment affects their children's well-being. This type of research started by looking for direct effects of parental – and especially maternal – employment on children's development. The empirical question was whether maternal employment was detrimental to children and it was reduced to the direct comparisons of the children of employed and nonemployed mothers, usually without examination of parenting. The results, however, have shown that employment per se is neither facilitative nor detrimental to children's development (see Gottfried, Gottfried, & Bathurst, 2002).

In the 1980s Bronfenbrenner and Crouter (1982) called for researchers to move beyond the traditional deprivation approach, which equates employment with a linear measure of maternal absence from the child, and to focus instead on the quality of work. In addition, attention was shifted from direct effects to indirect effects: A mediational viewpoint was emphasized. Mediation continues to be the trend of current research. This line of research tries to capture the processes that intervene between parental work (involving work instablity, unemployment, and quality of work) and children's behavior and well-being.