This chapter studies results whereby a set functor is lifted to other categories, paying attention to whether the initial algebra and terminal coalgebra structures also lift. For example, given a set functor F having a terminal coalgebra and a lifting on either complete partial orders and complete metric spaces, the terminal coalgebra can be equipped with a canonical order or metric, respectively, so that this yields the terminal coalgebra for the lifting. Initial algebras, however, need not lift from Set to the other categories. We are also interested in specific liftings of F to pseudometric spaces, such as the Kantorovich and Wasserstein liftings. We study extensions to Kleisli categories and liftings to Eilenberg–Moore categories. We present results on coalgebraic trace semantics, and discuss examples such as the classical trace semantics of (probabilistic) labelled transition systems and languages accepted by nominal automata. We also study generalized determinization of coalgebras of functors arising from liftings to Eilenberg–Moore categories, leading to the coalgebraic language semantics. We see many instances of this semantics: the language semantics of non-deterministic weighted, probabilistic, and nominal automata; and also context-free languages.

This chapter provides an overview of corpus-based advances in Construction Grammar. After a brief introduction on kinds of data in linguistics in general and the notion of corpora in particular, I discuss a variety of corpus-based studies categorized into (i) largely qualitative studies, (ii) studies based on frequencies and probabilities, (iii) studies focusing on association strengths, and (iv) statistical as well as machine-learning studies. In each section, representative studies covering a variety of languages and questions are covered with an eye to surveying methodological as well as theoretical advantages. I conclude with an assessment of the state of the art by comparing how recent developments fare relative to Dąbrowska’s discussion of Cognitive Linguistics’s seven deadly sins.

Paul’s letters reflect levels of stories and are embedded in God’s grand narrative of creation and new creation

The journey through the wilderness ends with the people of Israel in the land of promise, but it is fraught with snares and temptations in the turbulent books of Joshua and Judges.

The Taxonomy Regulation establishes common and science-based definitions to determine whether an economic activity is environmentally sustainable. It aims to make sustainable finance more accessible to investors, while also protecting them from false or misleading claims about a financial product’s sustainability. In doing so it shifts a large part of the burden to prevent greenwashing onto the legislator. This chapter therefore critically analyses the Taxonomy’s ability to protect investors from greenwashing and identifies a number of pitfalls. The market for sustainable financial products is rapidly growing, yet the Taxonomy so far only covers environmental sustainability in selected sectors. Gathering and disclosing the necessary environmental data can be challenging and costly and may discourage companies and financial market participants to offer Taxonomy-aligned products, possibly turning it into a niche product. The Taxonomy’s binary approach makes it difficult for investors to assess the sustainability of complex financial products and limits incentives for non-aligned companies to improve their performance. This chapter therefore argues for an extension of the Taxonomy that distinguishes between positive, intermediary and harmful activities and provides definitions for social and governance aspects of sustainability

English Medium Instruction (EMI) is a burgeoning field of interest for researchers and practitioners; however, to date its sociocultural and political implications have not been widely considered. This book addresses that concern by situating EMI within wider sociopolitical contexts of knowledge and language. It foregrounds the notion of “Critical EMI,” bringing together applied linguists to revisit EMI in higher education from critical sociocultural perspectives. The notion of criticality is conceptualized as an attempt at addressing issues of ideology, policy, identity, social justice, and the politics of English. The chapters explore Critical EMI concerns in diverse settings across five continents, and present insights for the theory, research, policy, and practice of EMI. The book also problematizes the neocolonial spread and dominance of English through EMI. Calling for an explicit and inclusive EMI praxis, it is essential reading for researchers of applied linguistics and English language education, as well as teacher practitioners.

Recent progress in deep learning and natural language processing has given rise to powerful models that are primarily trained on a cloze-like task and show some evidence of having access to substantial linguistic information, including some constructional knowledge. This groundbreaking discovery presents an exciting opportunity for a synergistic relationship between computational methods and Construction Grammar research. In this chapter, we explore three distinct approaches to the interplay between computational methods and Construction Grammar: (i) computational methods for text analysis, (ii) computational Construction Grammar, and (iii) deep learning models, with a particular focus on language models. We touch upon the first two approaches as a contextual foundation for the use of computational methods before providing an accessible, yet comprehensive overview of deep learning models, which also addresses reservations construction grammarians may have. Additionally, we delve into experiments that explore the emergence of constructionally relevant information within these models while also examining the aspects of Construction Grammar that may pose challenges for these models. This chapter aims to foster collaboration between researchers in the fields of natural language processing and Construction Grammar. By doing so, we hope to pave the way for new insights and advancements in both these fields.

Originating from irreversible statistical mechanics, the Mori–Zwanzig (M–Z) formalism provides a mathematical procedure for the development of coarse-grained models of complex systems, such as turbulence, that lack scale separation. The M–Z formalism begins with the application of a specialized class of projectors to the governing equations. By leveraging these projectors, the M–Z procedure results in a reduced system, commonly referred to as the generalized Langevin equation (GLE). The GLE encapsulates the system’s behavior on a macroscopic (resolved) scale. The influence of the microscopic (unresolved) scales on resolved scales appears as a convolution integral – often referred to as memory – and an additional noise term. In essence, fully resolved Markovian dynamics is transformed into coarse grained non-Markovian dynamics. The appearance of the memory term in the GLE demonstrates that the coarse-graining procedure leads to nonlocal memory effects, which have to be modeled. This chapter introduces the mathematics behind the projection approach and the derivation of the GLE. Beyond the theoretical developments, the practical application of the M–Z procedure in the construction of subgrid-scale models for large eddy simulations is also presented.

There is a potentially correct analogy between international tax regulation and platform content regulation because there is an homology between capital and information. On this basis, this chapter foregrounds three resemblances between tax regulation and content moderation. First, non-State actors access, manage and regulate through platforms flows of capital and similarly flows of information exploiting regulatory differentials, so that there is the need for regulatory alignment in both cases. Second, since both capital and information escape the regulatory reach of States, a common standard must be achieved in both cases. Third, such common standard can be achieved only if home States of Global Actors owning platforms assume together the obligation to moderate profit diversion as well as immoderate use of platform content through procedural accountability. The chapter explains the scope of the global tax problem, and then details the process by which policies have been developed and describes the tax implications of platforms. The chapter concludes suggesting lessons that can be learned from tax regulation for platform responsibility rules: the homology between capital and information points to regulatory structures that reduce excessive opportunism and immoderation in the use of computational capital by platforms.

Chapter 6 turns to the attack on the Whig view of the state, and especially to the rejection of the Whig contention that no arbitrary or despotic power is any longer being exercised. The chapter focuses on two major challenges to this complacency. One line of criticism pointed out that, with the creation and rapid growth of the national debt, enormous sums were now being paid directly to the crown, thereby bringing an obvious danger of despotism. The second and epoch- making challenge came from the American colonies. When the British government resolved in 1764 to tax them directly, the colonists denounced this innovation as an obvious act of despotism. They argued that, because they had no representation in the British Parliament, they had no means of expressing or withholding their consent. They were thus being subjected to a wholly arbitrary form of power, and were consequently being treated as slaves. The chapter traces the development of this patriot case in the writings of Otis, Hopkins, Dulany, Dickinson, Jefferson and other colonists, and concludes with the defence of the patriot cause by Price and Paine and the publication of the Declaration of Independence.