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This book tells the story of the city of Patna, in the north Indian region of Bihar, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A century and more earlier, Patna had been an important and populous city, but it had come to be seen by many-and is still seen today-as merely part of the mofussil, the provincial hinterland. But despite the city's real decline, it continued to nurture a vibrant and cosmopolitan intellectual culture that linked it with cities and towns across northern India and beyond. Urdu literary gatherings and other Islamicate traditions inherited from Mughal times helped animate the networks that sustained satirical newspapers and scholarly libraries. Drawing on rich archival research in Urdu, Hindi, and English, Provincial Metropolis shows that Patna's intellectual and cultural life thrived not despite its provinciality but because of it.
This book offers a historical perspective on the relationship between community, subsistence, and governance in north-western India. Focusing on Panjab, it explores the continuities in kinship and caste practices of rural Panjabi populations from the mid-eighteenth to late nineteenth centuries. Working from the household outwards, it studies how agropastoral lineages formed, and how some of these managed during the eighteenth century to establish autonomous states or riyasats of their own. From the early nineteenth century onwards, this riyasati order was systematically dismantled by the colonial state. Nevertheless, this book suggests that colonial attempts to settle and reform rural society, by changing both its relationship to the environment and by imposing new definitions of 'community' upon it were met with uneven success. Colonial subjects in rural Panjab continued to forge bonds of kinship beyond the legal limits imposed by the state.
A full trial has become an uncommon phenomenon in many legal systems, replaced largely by promotion of settlement and plea-bargaining. This book uncovers today's judicial role in this radically changed legal setting using multiple methods. Over five years, researchers analyzed court dockets, studied judges in action, and conducted interviews with judges and lawyers. This book, which spans several legal cultures, follows in the footsteps of the 'vanishing trial phenomenon', probing its existence beyond common law systems. In doing so, it provides insights into the changing judicial role and the metamorphosis of legal systems. Offering a new perspective on possible futures of legal systems, including the use of artificial intelligence, the authors provide a rich context for legal scholars and policymakers to redesign the architecture of conflicts. Moreover, they introduce new jurisprudential perspectives on the relationship between law and conflict resolution, with an emphasis on the judicial role.
This Element introduces the arguments of three prominent Platonic critics of Heidegger – Leo Strauss (1899–1973), Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002), and Jan Patočka (1907–1977) – with the aim of evaluating the trenchancy of their criticisms. The author shows that these three thinkers uncover novel ways of reading Plato non-metaphysically (where metaphysics is understood in the Heideggerian sense) and thus of undermining Heidegger's narrative concerning Platonism as metaphysics and metaphysics as Platonism. In their readings of the Platonic dialogues, Plato emerges as a proto-phenomenologist whose attention to the ethical-political facticity of human beings leads to the acknowledgment of human finitude and of the fundamental elusiveness of Being. These Platonic critics of Heidegger thus invite us to see in the dialogues a lucid presentation of philosophic questioning rather than the beginning of distorting doctrinal teachings.
This Element deals with the interplay between phonology, phonetics and acquisition. It addresses the question of whether and how phonological representations are acquired in adult second language (L2) learners in the face of phonetic variation inherent in speech. Drawing from a large number of empirical studies on the acquisition of L2 speech sounds, the Element outlines how phonetic or phonological representations develop in L2 learners on the basis of input in immersion and instructed language learning contexts. Taking in insights from sociophonetics and clinical linguistics, the Element further discusses how accent variation impacts second language phonological acquisition and what clinical studies on individuals with atypical language development can tell us about the nature of phonological representations. Finally, new avenues in the field of L2 phonology are explored, especially with regard to methodological challenges and opportunities related to the use of spontaneous speech and remote data collection.
This unique book, designed to support obstetrician-gynecologists, midwives, and family medicine specialists caring for obstetric patients, will guide clinicians to a clear understanding of the ways to recognize, manage, and importantly prevent obstetrical complications. Utilising clinical vignettes combined with comprehensive, authoritative discussions from experienced clinicians, this book is an essential resource to support practice and preparation for various certification type of examinations. Following the same effective approach as other titles in this series, Acute and Emergency Care Gynecology: A Case-Based Approach, Office Gynecology: A Case-Based Approach and Surgical Gynecology: A Case-Based Approach, this book is the perfect guide to navigate common and rare obstetrical complications.
Wood is, and always has been, one of the most common and versatile materials for creating structures and art. It is therefore also a ubiquitous element of the archaeological record. This discussion of the study of archaeological wood introduces a number of approaches to the analysis of these organic remains, including a brief overview of wood science, factors that impact the survival of wood materials, wood anatomy, and dendrochronology. These sections are intended to help archaeologists and other interested non-specialists prepare to encounter archaeological woods, and to understand the potential scientific data that these remains could contribute to our understanding of the human past. This is followed by additional approaches from the social sciences. The study of woodworking techniques and toolmarks, combined with ethnoarchaeology and experimental archaeology, can push wood analyses further. A combination of these approaches can help to create a more holistic view of humankind's relationship to wood.
A rigorous, yet accessible and entertaining introduction to the field of logic, this book provides students with a unique insight into logic as a living field and how it connects to other fields of inquiry including philosophy, computer science, linguistics, and mathematics. With no background knowledge needed, students are introduced to a critical examination of 'classical logic', and the technical issues and paradoxes that may be encountered. Each chapter includes key pedagogical features such as marginal notes, definitions, chapter summaries and practice exercises. Arguments are backed up by authentic examples of logic within natural languages and everyday life. The flexible chapter structure allows instructors to tailor their teaching for either a one-semester or two-semester course, according to their students' needs and knowledge. Online resources include a companion website featuring further readings, class handouts, LaTeX resources, along with an Online Proof Evaluator allowing students to get real-time feedback.
String diagrams are a powerful graphical language used to represent computational phenomena across diverse scientific fields, including computer science, physics, linguistics, amongst others. The appeal of string diagrams lies in their multi-faceted nature: they offer a simple, visual representation of complex scientific ideas, while also allowing rigorous mathematical treatment. Originating in category theory, string diagrams have since evolved into a versatile formalism, extending well beyond their abstract algebraic roots, and offering alternative entry points to their study. This text provides an accessible introduction to string diagrams from the perspective of computer science. Rather than starting from categorical concepts, the authors draw on intuitions from formal language theory, treating string diagrams as a syntax with its own semantics. They survey the basic theory, outline fundamental principles, and highlight modern applications of string diagrams in different fields. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
By way of an analysis of Heidegger's use of the elements of earth, water, air, and fire as a means to describe the unfolding of being, this Element offers a novel account of Heidegger's understanding of the human. By covering a variety of texts from the late-20s through the early-50s (including several of his recently published Black Notebooks), this Element demonstrates the manner in which these elements comprise, for Heidegger, the very being of the human.
International case-studies on regulation and science collaboration show how competition and economic pressures on the national regulators of biomedicine condition the development of jurisdictive regulations. But regulation that fails to guarantee a jurisdiction's optimal protection of patients and scientific research in favour of other interests commits foreseeable and avoidable “regulatory violence”. Even when well-intended, regulation gets caught up in the intense international competition to support public health and generate national wealth, with real-world implications. Evidence from Asia, Europe and the USA challenges the belief that regulation improves ethical practices in regenerative medicine, connects practitioners with good science, and protects patient safety. This book explains why this is so, and points to ways in which science could help us address healthcare issues in greater solidarity. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Cambridge Companion to Women and Islam provides a comprehensive overview of a timely topic that encompasses the fields of Islamic feminist scholarship, anthropology, history, and sociology. Divided into three parts, it makes several key contributions. The volume offers a detailed analysis of textual debates on gender and Islam, highlighting the logic of classical reasoning and its enduring appeal, while emphasizing alternative readings proposed by Islamic feminists. It considers the agency that Muslim women exhibit in relation to their faith as reflected in women's piety movements. Moreover, the volume documents how Muslim women shape socio-political life, presenting real-world examples from across the Muslim world and diaspora communities. Written by an international team of scholars, the Companion also explores theoretical and methodological advances in the field, providing guidance for future research. Surveying Muslim women's experiences across time and place, it also presents debates on gender norms across various genres of Islamic scholarship.
This book showcases an exhaustive analysis marked by systematic methodology and impeccable mastery of international human rights law. It combines rigorous analysis with theoretical originality. This monumental work stands as the definitive reference for advanced students, doctoral candidates, scholars, and legal practitioners alike in the field. It offers a unique, in-depth exploration of global human rights norms and mechanisms, systematically updated with the latest jurisprudential developments from regional and United Nations treaty bodies. Demonstrating an exceptional level of scholarship and expertise over the subject, this treatise provides authoritative insights and a thorough exploration of international human rights law, making it indispensable for navigating the complexities of human rights litigation globally. An essential tool for litigants, it is also an indispensable resource in any academic library, setting a new standard in both international legal practice and academic research in international human rights law.
Providing a succinct overview of Lindenmayer system (L-system) topology optimization, this book focuses on the methods and theory underlying this novel bioinspired approach. Starting from basic principles, the book outlines how topology optimization can be utilized at the conceptual design stage and shows how it offers straightforward applicability to multi-objective and/or multi-physical industrial problems. Design strategies are clearly demonstrated using a host of case studies and real-world examples, and their potential challenges and solutions are discussed. Written from an optimization and design perspective, the authors both summarize the latest advances in this field and suggest potential avenues of research and development for future work. This will be the ideal resource for engineering practitioners, researchers, and students wanting to gain a new perspective on using topology optimization to improve product design.
This essential, concept-oriented book provides a highly integrative and translational approach to addiction, offering a deep understanding of the condition and its close biological-causal-developmental linkage with mental illness. The book explains addiction around five fundamental components that define disease: 1) Population Impact; 2) Symptom Sets; 3) Disorder of Anatomical Structure and Function; 4) Biological Risk Amplification; and 5) Diagnosis and Treatment. Key evidence and concepts from basic neuroscience are translated to epidemiological, clinical-observational, and treatment levels. The book discusses the broad reach and potent clinical capabilities of addiction psychiatry teams using integrative diagnostics and multi-dimensional treatment plans for patients across the entire addiction-mental illness spectrum. It introduces science-based psychotherapies, therapeutic experiences, medication and neurostimulatory treatments used by addiction psychiatrists in different settings to advance patients through all stages of recovery. An illustrated foundation for advanced undergraduates, physicians, allied clinicians, and scientists entering brain-behavioural health fields.
Climate impacts and risk, within and across cities, are distributed highly unequally. Cities located in low latitudes are more vulnerable to climate risk and impacts than in high latitudes, due to the large proportion of informal settlements relative to the housing stock and more frequent extremes. According to EM-DAT, about 60% of environmental disasters in cities relate to riverine floods. Riverine floods and heatwaves cause about 33% of deaths in cities. However, cold-waves and droughts impact most people in cities (42% and 39% of all people, respectively). Human vulnerability intersects with hazardous, underserved communities. Frequently affected groups include women, single parents, and low-income elderly. Responses to climatic events are conditioned by the informality of social fabric and institutions, and by inequitable distribution of impacts, decision-making, and outcomes. To ensure climate-resilient development, adaptation and mitigation actions must include the broader urban context of informality and equity and justice principles. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, whose diagnosis is often missed or delayed due to often non-specific presentations. However, if diagnosed and managed appropriately prognosis is generally favourable. This Element covers the common presentations and epidemiology of CVST, progressing through the approach to investigation and management of this condition in the acute, sub-acute and more chronic timeframes.
Several language families of northern Europe – Germanic, Celtic, and Uralic – share phonetic and phonological patterns that are typologically unusual. This book demonstrates how we can better understand these convergences: they exemplify the phenomenon of drift. Using the latest advances in theoretical linguistics, the study of sound change, and language variation, it offers insights into the development of these features and what they tell us about past cultural and linguistic contacts. Although the languages are not closely related, an understanding of drift grounded in the theory of the life cycle of phonological patterns reveals the workings of convergent developments. Covering a wide range of vernacular varieties, this book shows how phonological microvariation is illuminated by an approach grounded in the theory of the life cycle and historical sociolinguistics. It is essential reading for historical and theoretical linguists, and anyone with an interest in the cultural and linguistic contacts across northern Europe.
Oriented matroids appear throughout discrete geometry, with applications in algebra, topology, physics, and data analysis. This introduction to oriented matroids is intended for graduate students, scientists wanting to apply oriented matroids, and researchers in pure mathematics. The presentation is geometrically motivated and largely self-contained, and no knowledge of matroid theory is assumed. Beginning with geometric motivation grounded in linear algebra, the first chapters prove the major cryptomorphisms and the Topological Representation Theorem. From there the book uses basic topology to go directly from geometric intuition to rigorous discussion, avoiding the need for wider background knowledge. Topics include strong and weak maps, localizations and extensions, the Euclidean property and non-Euclidean properties, the Universality Theorem, convex polytopes, and triangulations. Themes that run throughout include the interplay between combinatorics, geometry, and topology, and the idea of oriented matroids as analogs to vector spaces over the real numbers and how this analogy plays out topologically.