Extensive connective tissue lysis is a common outcome of haplosporidian infection. Although such infections in marine invertebrates are well documented, they are relatively rarely observed in freshwater invertebrates. Herein, we report a field study using a comprehensive series of methodologies (histology, dissection, electron microscopy, gene sequence analysis, and molecular phylogenetics) to investigate the morphology, taxonomy, systematics, geographical distribution, pathogenicity, and seasonal and annual prevalence of a haplosporidian observed in zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha. Based on its genetic sequence, morphology, and host, we describe Haplosporidium raabei n. sp. from D. polymorpha – the first haplosporidian species from a freshwater bivalve. Haplosporidium raabei is rare as we observed it in histological sections in only 0·7% of the zebra mussels collected from 43 water bodies across 11 European countries and in none that were collected from 10 water bodies in the United States. In contrast to its low prevalences, disease intensities were quite high with 79·5% of infections advanced to sporogenesis.

This study investigated the spatial distribution of Tetramicra brevifilum spores in the musculature of infected turbot Scophthalmus maximus, with the aim of identifying the most appropriate body locations for diagnostic assays. A PCR protocol optimized for the detection of T. brevifilum spores in turbot muscle is also described. In fish showing low- and moderate-intensity infection, the spatial distribution of spores was best fitted by a negative binomial distribution, indicating a clumped spatial pattern; the negative binomial coefficient k was lower for fish with low-intensity infection, indicating a more markedly clumped pattern in these fish. In fish with high-intensity infection, the spatial distribution of spores was best fitted by the Poisson distribution, indicating a random pattern. In both low- and moderate-intensity infection, spores were present at highest density in the musculature adjoining the dorsal fins. Samples for PCR were therefore obtained from this location. PCR amplification was of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSUrDNA), using a pair of species-specific primers that amplify the 1250 bp product. The PCR protocol developed showed better sensitivity than microscopical techniques (detection rate by microscopy 25%, versus 42% by PCR), suggesting that it may be useful for routine screening for Tetramicra brevifilum infection in cultured turbot.

Chrysochromulina and Prymnesium are important bloom-forming organisms in marine and brackish waters, respectively. Both genera include toxic species, which are primarily implicated in fish kills. Previous analyses of small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences from Chrysochromulina and Prymnesium spp. indicate that Chrysochromulina is paraphyletic. C. polylepis, which produced a spectacular, harmful bloom in 1988, is more closely related to toxic Prymnesium species than to most other Chrysochromulina species based on rDNA sequence comparisons. Signatures were identified in the SSU rRNA gene specific for a clade that comprised primarily toxic taxa (C. polylepis, P. parvum, P. patelliferum and P. calathiferum) and that recognized C. polylepis alone. Oligonucleotide probes complementary to these regions were designed, and their specificity tested using dot-blot hybridization on PCR products of the SSU rRNA gene from 28 strains of Chrysochromulina and Prymnesium. Whole-cell hybridizations were performed with FLUOS- as well as Cy3-labelled probes on cultured species from both genera, and were detected with both epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The probes afforded easy identification of clonal isolates of C. polylepis and a cluster of closely related species including C. polylepis and Prymnesium spp. The feasibility of using these probes for species identification and studies of population dynamics in the field is discussed.