The introduction explains the book’s argument that individuals impacted by the repercussions of interstate disputes dealt with by the Court should and can be further integrated into its procedure and considered in its legal reasoning. Through the lens of social idealism, it explains how the Court’s effectiveness and legitimacy may be compromised due to its reluctant approach towards individuals. It also clarifies the method, methodology, scope, and structure of the book.

Chapter 3 begins with a brief explanation of the nature and properties of processes, which forms the basis for an explanation of the fundamentals of dynamical systems, followed by an explanation of complex systems, which will be used as the framework from which the visual arts will be explored in this book. The concepts of complex dynamical systems will appear throughout the book, with illustrations from a wide range of phenomena giving concrete content to the theoretical concepts. This chapter can be used as a frame of reference for later consultation, but it can also be read as an introduction to the chapters that follow.

In Chapter 1, I explain how the book can be read and used in a nonlinear fashion, providing affordances for further exploration, comparable to the way the book approaches the creation and experience of works of art. The chapter proceeds to present a detailed advance organizer in the form of a point-by-point overview of the main messages and ideas of this book, providing a framework for the way the book can be read and used.

This chapter argues for an approach to teaching History rooted in the ethical position foundational to the discipline. That approach is based on respect for our students and for the discipline; in it instructors encounter and learn from their students in the same way that they encounter and learn from historical subjects, and instruction in History, just like research in History, focuses not on controlling outcomes but on engaging in an ethically authentic process. It offers six approaches to instruction that can help build this kind of relationship between instructors and students, and between students and the discipline. These include consulting our students regarding their interests and aims; building instruction around the process of inquiry; making pedagogical use both of the breadth of the discipline and of its complexity, diversity, and epistemological and methodological divisions; focusing on teaching analysis, critical thinking, and interpretation; and bringing students to see their engagement with History not only as a process by which they master specific bodies of knowledge and methods of thinking but also as an open-ended intellectual adventure.

This chapter provides an overview and a summary of the following chapters.

Chapter Two summarizes the compliance literature on international relations and international law, addressing both theoretical and empirical work. This literature can be divided into two groups: The first group explores why states comply with international law and is generally associated with the primary schools of international relations theory. The study may confirm or illustrate the applicability of aspects of one or more of these theories, although that is not necessary for it to be valuable in illuminating the motivations that affect policymakers and states. The second group within the compliance literature examines more closely how states comply at the domestic level and focuses on domestic policymaking within the United States government. In this regard, the chapter concentrates on two similar normative and process-oriented approaches. The first, the international legal process approach, is drawn from international legal scholarship; the second is primarily drawn from constructivist international relations theory, and was developed primarily by Wayne Sandholtz and Christopher Whytock, among others. Both approaches emphasize the role of internalized norms and the importance of process and organizational structure in decision-making. They are, accordingly, helpful in understanding the effect of legal norms, lawyers, and process in State Department decision-making.

Maggie B. Gale explores ways of both framing and structuring the beginnings of a research project, and finding what might be called a ‘research niche’. She uses the case study of an emerging research project to articulate different possible approaches to conceptualizing the starting point, direction, and shape of a project, as well as working practices which might be useful in research design and method. The chapter also explores a series of working principles for avoiding the pitfalls of research distractions, without missing out on the serendipitous discoveries which a more unstructured process might allow. Gale’s own research on Elsa Lanchester illustrates the principles.

Digital processes need to have wellbeing at their core. Rather than focusing on burnout and distress, digital can be considered as an enabler of wellness. Using key concepts such as user-centred design, reimagining processes and education, digital can enhance the lives of staff and patients. Many solutions to digital distress involve taking a break from technology. These solutions are temporary and do not address the root cause of the issue. As technology embeds itself into every facet of our lives, we have an opportunity to take control of how we engage with digital. Instead of translating paper processes into digital equivalents there is an opportunity to leverage the power digital brings to reduce the burden rather than add to it. Clinician and patient engagement are key to digital wellbeing and the success of digital in our healthcare systems. Increasing autonomy and providing flexible support can reduce burnout with digital systems. Involvement must be meaningful and not acceptability testing at the end of system design. Critically, we must remember that people are the most important determinant of the success of any digital project.

This chapter defines care in the context of cultural heritage, drawing on the work of Joan Tronto, who treats care as both a disposition and a process. Central to this is the notion that care represents how people care about cultural heritage, but also the action of caring for it. Given the multitude of communities that care about, and care for, cultural heritage, it is clear that care is relational in nature. Building on the work of other academics who have analysed the nature of care, this chapter applies these to the context of cultural heritage and identifies the central elements of care as (a) developing and sustaining relationships; (b) acknowledging and assuming responsibilities; and (c) identifying and maintaining the appropriate care in the circumstances and revisiting this regularly. The need for caution with the concept of care is addressed, in particular to ensure that care is not paternalistic. Any system of care needs to build in space for revisiting the current allocation of care to determine whether it remains appropriate.

Chapter 8 illuminates the intermediary stages of litigation before the early Tudor kings. It takes up the little-studied perspective of defendants in cases heard by the king’s Court of Requests and examines the potential for even this most authoritative kind of justice to be resisted. The chapter begins by studying the testimonies of messengers, recorded in Requests’ order books, for evidence of accused parties evading or rejecting the initial summons into court. It then reconstructs the process by which defendants made formal answers to petitions, and outlines the arguments they raised in their own defence. In line with debates ongoing contemporarily in Parliament and Council, defendants’ answers often contrasted extraordinary royal justice with the due process enshrined in English law. These lines of contestation were crucial to the increasing definition of royal justice under the early Tudor regimes, this chapter argues.

By integrating the fragmented research on emergency services, armed forces, and humanitarian organizations, this book identifies the components of a new theory on frontline crisis response. To begin with, the work of responders is characterized by persistent operational dilemmas. Since there are no universal solutions, they need to adapt their approaches and decisions to the situational contingencies of a crisis. These adaptations continue throughout the crisis response process as the situation evolves. Responders usually pragmatically act their way through operational dilemmas in the crisis response process. These experiences nevertheless have an existential effect on their identities and lives. Thus, the new theory comprises operational dilemmas, situational contingencies, response processes, pragmatic principles, and existentialist ideas. This theory offers a basis for crisis response improvements and contributes to the literature on strategic crisis management, frontline work in organizations, reliable organizing in risky contexts, and post-crisis operations. The chapter ends with a research agenda and a call for more academic engagement with frontline crisis response.

Drawing on a combined ethnographic and historical case study of BLOX, a landmark building in Copenhagen, this chapter advances a processual understanding of buildings by exploring the intersection between materiality, temporality, and politics. We analyze organizing processes unfolding between the material building and public, private, and philanthropic organizations. We distinguish between three dimensions of the building’s material temporality, which we analyze drawing on an event-based approach: historicizing the building through time, projecting the building over time, and enacting the building in time. While the ‘projecting’ and ‘enacting’ dimensions are inspired by prior work on material temporality, our study adds the ‘historicizing’ dimension. We develop an empirical model showing the interplay between these three dimensions. A main implication of our study is to show how the organizing effects of material buildings emerge not only from their material durability, but also from their temporal malleability. In closing, we discuss implications for a temporal understanding of affordances and propose a temporally relational view of affordances.

In this chapter, I explore the different temporal layers involved in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is the process of bringing something into being that did not exist before – either a new venture, product or service – and this process can only be understood if we consider how entrepreneurship unfolds in time. However, there is no ‘one’ time of entrepreneurship. Instead, time have many layers that are expressed in the way that entrepreneurship unfolds. To explore these layers, I draw on insights from the philosophy of time, and show how these insights are valuable for thinking about entrepreneurship. I focus on two ways that time relates to entrepreneurship. The first is the way that entrepreneurship is a journey or process. The second is the way that entrepreneurship involves actions that take place in time. Although these two aspects of entrepreneurship are interrelated, they must nevertheless be understood against the backdrop of different categories of time.

The proliferation of digital data has been presented as heralding a revolution in research methods for the study of social phenomena, such as IS. For some authors, this revolution involves the abandonment of the traditional scientific method in favour of purely inductive data-driven research. Others proclaim the emergence of a new, quantitative, computational social science that will displace qualitative methods, while others see digital data as potentially enriching qualitative research. All these claims, however, take the nature of data for granted, assuming that they straightforwardly instrument reality and that understanding of the world can therefore be gained through their analysis alone. This chapter presents a critical analysis of this ‘pre-factual’ view, arguing that data are not natural givens, but are performed, brought into being by situated practices that enact particular representations of the world. The implications of such a conceptualization of data for research methods in Information Systems and organizational research are discussed.

We introduce our first choreography language, Simple Choreographies, which allows for writing sequences of interactions between processes. The key aspect of the language is that interactions are syntactically manifest in choreographies. A semantics of choreographies is obtained in terms of a labelled transition system.

To model system implementations, we define the language of Simple Processes. In this language, systems are defined in the classical style of giving a separate program for each process. Process programs use send and receive actions that need to match during execution in order to achieve a communication. We discuss how implementations of choreographies from the previous chapter can be written in terms of this language. We also formulate in our setting the key properties of parallelism, communication safety, and starvation-freedom, respectively: the capability of executing independent communications in any order; the property that processes never attempt to interact by performing incompatible actions; and the property that every running process eventually gets to act.

This chapter explains why it is critical to measure health outcomes. It includes a review of the current measurement landscape in health care in the context of the Donabedian framework for assessing health care quality. It also reorients the reader to a focus on measuring outcomes and outlines why measuring outcomes can be challenging but must be done. The chapter also provides the reader with prompts for self-reflection on their outcome measurement aspirations and describes who the intended audience is for the guide.