Chapter 7 acknowledges that, despite the best planning for positive engagement, students will still exhibit disengaged and disruptive behaviours. It examines the research to discuss which behaviours are the most common and the most difficult to manage in a classroom environment. It makes the distinction between frequent disengaged behaviour and rare ‘challenging’ behaviour discussed in Chapters 9 and 10.

Building on previous chapters, this chapter also discusses the best ways to prevent disengaged behaviours through implementing consistent classroom routines, structures and expectations, including the explicit teaching of expected behaviour. Ongoing strategies such as social-emotional learning to build strong relationships, low-key techniques to remind and redirect behaviours, class meetings to support student voice and engaging lessons are explored.

Engagement theory recognises that a student’s engagement with education is impacted by factors external to schooling. It is argued that this relationship starts at birth and is continually influenced by family, community, media and individual characteristics in both positive and negative ways.

This chapter investigates the various external factors that influence student engagement. It explores an ecological approach to engagement focusing on personal, family, community and social factors. It reviews the impact of key indicators of health, wellbeing and development on student engagement and highlights what teachers can do to recognise these influences and accommodate them where possible.

This chapter defines and describes trauma, adversity and trauma-informed practice. We explore how trauma impacts children and young people and how this may influence their engagement with education. A summary about how a student may present when experiencing trauma is provided. As teachers often hear about and address trauma and adversity faced by children, the concepts of compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma are also briefly explored. The chapter ends with examples of ways in which teachers can create trauma-informed classrooms and support and promote trauma-informed policies and practices in schools.

It is not uncommon for a student to display difficult behaviour at some point in their development. For some students, however, difficult behaviour is so frequent, persistent and severe that it has significant detrimental impacts on their affective, cognitive and behavioural engagement with education and quality of life. Teachers play a critical role in strengthening these students’ engagement with education. This chapter will provide a description of some of the emotional and behavioural disorders witnessed in school-age children and identify the associated behaviours that teachers might see in the classroom. Further, it will review and critique some of the common strategies used in schools to bolster positive behaviour and engagement with education for these vulnerable students.

Most schools and departments of education have behavioural expectations of their students. The degree to which the individual teacher has a say over how they run their class can differ widely. In some contexts, it is completely left up to the teacher to decide the best way to manage student behaviour. In other schools, all teachers will be required to follow the exact same procedures, right down to scripting language of what to say in certain situations. Most schools sit somewhere in the middle, where they will have a school-wide approach to promote consistency, but the running of the classroom is left to the professionalism of the teacher.

School-wide approaches differ in their underlying philosophy and research base. This chapter will examine four common approaches that are used in Australian schools and analyse them in terms of their potential for increasing student engagement.

Think about a relationship you have with somebody in your class or workplace. Your initial relationship might be built upon what you know about that person, your shared values and common beliefs – maybe even their personal appearance. The strength of that relationship will change as soon as you start to interact with them. A friendly smile, cheerful greeting and some positive small talk will probably make you think that you might want to get to know this person a little more. Conversely, if you feel ignored, disliked or realise that you value different things, you will probably avoid them in the future. This is what we refer to in this text as student engagement – the relationship that is formed and reformed between students and education.

This chapter will focus on one type of ‘alternative education’ that has been specifically designed for students who have been disengaged from schooling. As disengagement is the breakdown of the relationship between the student and education, a reengagement program’s job is to provide a context where that relationship can be rebuilt. It provides an opportunity to rethink the pedagogical and structural way we ‘do’ school and challenges us to think that perhaps there may be other ways to include the needs and views of students, as well as the support of the wider community.

There are over 400 schools and programs for disengaged students around Australia, providing education for at least 70 000 young people. This might be the type of teaching that you are interested in, where engagement itself is the main purpose. Working in reengagement programs provides an array of challenges but can present enormous rewards for the young people who get a second chance at education and for the staff who can see that they can make a life-changing difference.

It is difficult to believe that, not long ago, school bullying was a rite of passage. Little was known about the negative impact bullying had on individuals and communities before the late 1970s. Targets of bullying and their carers suffered mostly in silence. Thankfully, we have come a long way in our understanding of bullying. This chapter will focus on a deep conceptual understanding of bullying. It will include learning to differentiate the several types of bullying and their manifestations. This understanding will help you apply the techniques suggested for enhancing students’ engagement discussed throughout this book to recognise, prevent and manage bullying in your school and classroom.

This chapter concentrates on classroom structures that a teacher can employ, including how the room can be arranged, physically and structurally, to maximise engagement for all students. We will examine the research on learning space architecture, the role of desk configuration, group workspaces, chill-out zones and ideas for wall displays.

Structurally, we explore the use of routines in class for maintaining consistency and predictability. Examples include managing entry and exit to class, transition between learning activities and routines for what to do when students finish work, arrive late or need to use the toilet.

It is very satisfying to teach in a classroom where students are actively participating in discussions, group projects and other activities. Learning spaces are complex – both teachers and students experience numerous pressures, wants and needs that accompany them into a classroom. For instance, both teachers and their students want to be heard, to learn, to be safe and to have positive relationships with their peers, just to name a few. However, the value and sources for satisfaction that you and they place on these needs and wants at any given time may be different from one another. You may want to get on with a brilliant geography lesson, while a sleep-deprived student may just want a bit of rest and believe the right place for it is the very same geography lesson. These possibilities remind us that your lesson is taking place in a social environment with multiple stakeholders actively reacting to each other. This is why it is very important to develop strategies that will help you manage both your and your students’ expectations in the classroom. This chapter focuses on how the use of rules and expectations lays the foundations for positive and engaging learning environments.

Current societal expectations, theory and research conclude that effective teachers meet students’ needs by encouraging responsibility and having active control of their class, within a context that develops positive relationships. This chapter presents corrective strategies that have been curated to be consistent with this approach. They particularly draw from research that focuses on maintaining high expectations and structure, developing positive student–teacher relationships, treating disengagement and its associated behavioural challenges in students as opportunities to teach about self and others, and maximising student autonomy wherever possible. This approach is referred to as authoritative teaching.

Further focusing on the topics from the previous chapter, this section identifies the factors within a school that potentially impact student engagement. It starts by illustrating the way that affective and cognitive engagement may affect behaviour within a school environment and then illustrates this concept by exploring the potential role of teacher–student relationships, curriculum and instruction, classroom environment, peers, opportunities for choice in areas such as uniforms and student governance, and feeling safe, especially in periods of transition across and within schools. In each situation, the chapter will examine the research for effective practice and connect various approaches to their influence on engagement.

Perhaps the most frequent, yet understated, interactions we create with students are when we communicate with them directly. As Charles, Senter and Barr suggest, ‘relationships are built on communication and easily destroyed by it’. In this chapter, we will examine how verbal and non-verbal communication techniques can be used throughout your classroom to strengthen your students’ relationship with education. This chapter explores how every time we communicate, verbally or non-verbally, we are creating an interaction between our students and their relationship with education, and if we can do it to enhance clarity, immediacy and credibility, then we have a much better chance of increasing student engagement.

This introduction sets the scene by exploring the richness of the diversity of learners and critically examines the imperative for educators within the current educational climate to employ pedagogies that transform learning experiences, particularly for those who continue to be marginalised and are increasingly disengaged from education. The aim of the introduction is to lay the foundation for the significance of supporting educators in pedagogical decisions that prioritise and are socially just and responsive to the inclusion of all learners, thereby engaging and empowering learners as active co-designers and self-regulators of respectful, meaningful and impactful learning. In scaffolding educator efficacy, the introduction encourages self-reflective strategies for sustained critique of applying inclusive, responsive, enabling and socially just pedagogical approaches within their educational practice.

The Conservative effect is notable in education, with several reforms at the department, beginning with the most (and only) successful Education Secretary Michael Gove and continuing throughout the ten Education Secretaries over the remaining ten years. The rapid churn made for inconsistent policymaking, and a lack of long-term planning. It ends with the Conservatives’ role in guiding the education system through Covid, and the return to ambitious plans under the final PM, Rishi Sunak. The chapter will also scrutinise Conservative higher education and university policy, and whether there was an opportunity wasted with universities.

In order to analyze the relationship between international, EU and national law properly, this chapter establishes a working hypothesis: a common denominator of international, EU and national law. Analogous to the historical idea of social contract theory, this common denominator is consensus. After revisiting the major criticism of consent as a (moral) obligation to obey the law, the chapter elaborates on the moral duty to adhere to the pacta sunt servanda principle. After discussing the thesis of an innate Universal Moral Grammar (UMG) that relies on an analogy to the thesis of a universal grammar of the human faculty of language in linguistics, this chapter submits that Colwyn Trevarthen’s concept of primary, secondary and tertiary intersubjectivity is more suitable for conceptualizing the origins and development of the biological setup of human morality. This chapter refers to intersubjectivity, as the decisive concept to align morality and its development with core concepts of (developmental) psychology in order to lay bare the origins of moral normativity, which is essential for us as a basis for the pacta sunt servanda principle.

This chapter considers the major causes of mortality and morbidity for adults and describes the significant burden of these non-communicable diseases, their risk factors and potential public health action. While the conditions discussed are relevant to other age groups, those included – cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, mental health problems and long COVID – have particular relevance for the large proportion of the population of working age. This chapter also focuses on specific actions or policies which can be employed to address each of these non-communicable diseases.