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10 results

  • Chapter 16 - Parenting and Grandparenting Our Youth in the Climate Crisis

  • from Part II - Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Youth Climate Distress
  • Edited by Elizabeth Haase, University of Nevada, Reno, Kelsey Hudson, Climate Psychology Alliance North America
  • Book:
    Climate Change and Youth Mental Health
    Published online:
    06 June 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024, pp 309-328

  • Summary

    Parents and grandparents face unprecedented challenges in supporting their children to survive, cope with and adapt to the impacts of climate change while simultaneously preparing them for the greater negative impacts predicted in the future. This chapter draws on multidisciplinary research in parenting science, child and youth development, and disasters to guide parents in varying contexts. We first discuss how parents and carers can help young people cope with the direct exposure to both sudden and gradual climate disasters and flow-on effects that exacerbate social inequalities. We then discuss how parents can help children manage the emotions that knowledge of climate change can engender, explore parents’ vital role in fostering children’s sense of agency and hope, and highlight ways that parents can support young people’s active engagement. We end by stressing that parents and others with responsibility for raising the next generations should take action at local to national levels to drive the urgent changes needed to prevent climate catastrophe.

  • 7 - Anomalous Examples of ‘Use of Force’ and Non-‘Use of Force’ under Article 2(4) of the UN Charter

  • from Part III - Defining Prohibited Force
  • Erin Pobjie, University of Essex and Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg
  • Book:
    Prohibited Force
    Published online:
    23 February 2024
    Print publication:
    29 February 2024, pp 161-189
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  • Summary

    This chapter challenges the dominant paradigm of a ‘use of force’ in article 2(4) of the UN Charter as a coherent concept by giving examples from the subsequent agreement and subsequent practice of States showing that none of the elements of a ‘use of force’ is strictly necessary for the definition to be met. It examines anomalous examples which lack the elements of physical means, physical effects, gravity or hostile intent, taking as a basis of analysis certain acts listed in the 1974 Definition of Aggression: military occupation (article 3(a)), blockade (article 3(c)), mere presence in violation of a Status of Forces Agreement (article 3(e)) and indirect use of force through inter-State assistance (article 3(f)) or through non-State armed groups (article 3(g)). It also examines anomalous examples of non-‘use of force’: acts which appear to meet the criteria but are not characterised as such by States in their subsequent practice. These include forcible response to aerial incursion and purported maritime law enforcement. This chapter then offers possible explanations for these anomalous examples and discusses the implications for the interpretation of a prohibited ‘use of force’.

Indirect Speech Acts
  • Nicolas Ruytenbeek
  • Published online:
    21 May 2021
    Print publication:
    10 June 2021
  • To achieve successful communication, it is crucial to say clearly what we mean, but, at the same time, we need to pay attention to the form of our utterances, to avoid misunderstandings and the risk of offending our interlocutors. To avoid these pitfalls, we use a special category of utterances called 'indirect speech acts' (ISAs) that enable an optimal balance between clarity and politeness. But how do interpreters identify the meaning of these ISAs? And how does the social context influence the use of ISAs? This book attempts to answer these questions. It deals with the main theoretical and empirical questions surrounding the meaning and usage of ISAs, drawing on the latest research and neuroimaging data. Adopting a truly interdisciplinary perspective, it will appeal to students and scholars from diverse backgrounds, and anyone interested in exploring this phenomenon, which is so pervasive in our daily lives.

  • 1 - Expropriation

  • August Reinisch, Christoph Schreuer
  • Book:
    International Protection of Investments
    Published online:
    13 July 2020
    Print publication:
    16 July 2020, pp 1-250

  • Summary

    Neither Contracting Party shall take any measures depriving, directly or indirectly, investors of the other Contracting Party of their investments unless the following conditions are complied with: (a) the measures are taken in the public interest and under due process of law; (b) the measures are not discriminatory or contrary to any undertaking which the former Contracting Party may have given; (c) the measures are accompanied by provision for the payment of just compensation. Such compensation shall represent the real value of the investments affected and shall, in order to be effective for the claimants, be paid and made transferable, without undue delay, to the country designated by the claimants concerned in any freely convertible currency accepted by the claimants.

  • BREXIT AND IMPACT ROUTES THROUGH GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

  • Jyrki Ali-Yrkkö, Tero Kuusi
  • Journal:
    National Institute Economic Review / Volume 252 / May 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 April 2020, pp. R33-R44
    Print publication:
    May 2020

  • We analyse the trade routes between the UK and EU countries. Our results show that the relative importance of the UK as a trading partner in the EU has slightly decreased. We further decompose the total value added into components that quantify the value added that is generated through direct trade with the UK and the indirect trade that is channelled through third countries. Close to one third of the total value added is generated through indirect trade and two thirds through direct trade. Furthermore, 18 per cent of EU countries’ value-added trade to the UK passes through the UK onto other countries.

  • Identifying Indirect Benefits of Federal Health Care Emergency Preparedness Grant Funding to Coalitions: A Content Analysis

  • Chad Priest, Benoit Stryckman
  • Journal:
    Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 9 / Issue 6 / December 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    06 November 2015, pp. 704-711
  • Objective

    This study aimed to identify the indirect benefits of health care preparedness funding as perceived by current and former recipients of the US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response’s Hospital Preparedness Program.

    Methods

    This was a qualitative inductive content analysis of telephone interviews conducted with regional stakeholders from several health care coalitions to identify their perceptions of the indirect benefits of preparedness funding.

    Results

    Content analysis of interviewee responses resulted in 2 main categories of indirect benefits of federal health care preparedness funding: (1) dual-use technology and programs and (2) impact of relationships on day-to-day operations. Within the dual-use technology and programs category, 3 subcategories were identified: (1) information systems, (2) clinical technology, and (3) health care operations. Similarly, 3 subcategories relating to the indirect benefits in the impact of relationships on day-to-day operations category were identified: (1) cooperation, (2) information sharing, and (3) sense of community.

    Conclusion

    This study identified indirect benefits of federal investment in hospital and health care preparedness in day-to-day operations. Major categories of these benefits included dual-use technology and programs and impact of relationships on day-to-day operations. Coalition members placed a high value on these benefits, even though they were not direct outcomes of grant programs. Further research is needed to quantify the economic value of these indirect benefits to more accurately measure the total return on investment from federal grant funding. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:704–711)

  • BMR in a Brazilian adult probability sample: the Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey

  • Luiz A Anjos, Vivian Wahrlich, Mauricio TL Vasconcellos
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / April 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 January 2013, pp. 853-860
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  • Objective

    To measure BMR in a probability sample of adults from an urban city of Brazil and to compare indirectly measured BMR (BMRi) with BMR predicted from different equations.

    Design

    BMR data were obtained by indirect calorimetry and estimated by different predictive equations (Schofield; Harris and Benedict; Henry and Rees). Anthropometric and body composition measures were also obtained.

    Setting

    The Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey (PNAFS), a household survey conducted in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.

    Subjects

    Representative sample of 529 adults (aged ≥20 years; 339 females) living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.

    Results

    Mean BMRi values were 5839·7 (se 73·9) kJ/d and 4758·1 (se 39·5) kJ/d for men and women, respectively. Predicted BMR by all equations was significantly higher (difference between means and 95 % CI did not include zero) than BMRi in both men and women of all ages. Overall bias in BMR (predicted BMR minus BMRi) using the Schofield equations (overestimation of about 20 %) was higher than when using the Henry and Rees equations (13 % and 16 % overestimation for males and females, respectively). The percentage of individuals whose BMR predicted by the Schofield equations fell within 10 % of BMRi was very low (7·8 % and 14·1 % of males and females, respectively).

    Conclusions

    Current available predictive equations of BMR are not adequate to estimate BMR in Brazilians living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

  • Transmission of swine pathogens: different means, different needs*

  • Robert Desrosiers
  • Journal:
    Animal Health Research Reviews / Volume 12 / Issue 1 / June 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 January 2011, pp. 1-13

  • There seems to be two main types of pathogens that cause diseases in swine: those that are mainly introduced through direct pig contacts, and those that are often, and in some situations mainly introduced by indirect transmission means. In this review, the mange mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), toxigenic Pasteurella multocida and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae will be used as examples of the first type, and foot and mouth disease virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus as examples of the second. It is now clear from various epidemiological studies as well as experimental and field data that aerosol transmission of some swine pathogens plays an important role in their epidemiology. As previous biosecurity programs did not take this factor into consideration, it can at least partially explain why many of these programs suffered frequent failures and why air filtration is now becoming increasingly popular in North America. Identifying and quantifying transmission means should be a priority for every important infectious disease for which it has not been done.

  • Calculated and measured oxygen consumption in mechanically ventilated surgical patients in the early post-operative period

  • L. S. Brandi, R. Bertolini, L. Santini
  • Journal:
    European Journal of Anaesthesiology / Volume 16 / Issue 1 / January 1999
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 August 2006, pp. 53-61
    Print publication:
    January 1999

  • Oxygen consumption (̇Vo2) measured by indirect calorimetry (Nellcor-Puritan-Bennett 7250; Carlsbad, CA, USA) has been compared with ̇Vo2 calculated by the Fick method in 22 volume-controlled ventilated general surgical patients in the early post-operative period. For 198 pairs of measurements, ̇Vo2 Fick and ̇Vo2 indirect calorimetry correlated significantly (y=1.00x–35.8, P=0.0001, r=0.77). ̇Vo2 indirect calorimetry was 212±32 mL min−1 and ̇Vo2 Fick was 177±41 mL min−1 (P=0.0001). The bias was 35±26 mL min−1. This difference represents 16±13% of the total body ̇Vo2. ̇Vo2 calculated by the Fick method did not accurately predict ̇Vo2 measured by indirect calorimetry, and the two methods were not interchangeable. ̇Vo2 calculated by the Fick method underestimated ̇Vo2 as measured by indirect calorimetry by a systematic quantity that could be attributed, in part, to ̇Vo2 of the lung. Indirect calorimetry should be the preferred method for measuring total body ̇Vo2 in mechanically ventilated surgical patients.