The design of integrated systems requires the knowledge of the values of the effective permittivity of the substrate. Designing antenna using computer-aided design tools is a long process that necessitates doing iterative steps to find the correct dimensions that meet specific requirements at a certain operating frequency. The objective of this work is to propose an analytic model to reduce the time required for the design. By using electromagnetic simulation, the effect of the relative permittivity and the height of the substrate on the final effective permittivity have been studied. An analytic model that helps the designer in estimating the value of the effective permittivity has been proposed.

This paper presents a novel artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) loaded dipole above FR4 substrate. The proposed AMC consists of two metal layers that shield the wave from the lossy substrate leading to a significant increase in the dipole efficiency over a wide bandwidth. The dipole is fed through vias that are connected to a wideband balun placed on the opposite side of the ground plane. The proposed assembly is fabricated and characterized. Measurements, which are in a very good agreement with the electromagnetic simulations, show that the operating fractional bandwidth achieves the value of 16.2%, 1.927–2.267 GHz, with peak radiation efficiency of 72.5%.

A 77-GHz–directional folded dipole antenna integrated in an embedded wafer level ball grid array package is presented. For the characterization of the antenna, a frequency multiplier is embedded, which scales the 4.25-GHz input signal up to 76.5 GHz and allows the use of a commercial signal source. The antenna structure is manufactured at the metallic layer, in the fan-out area of the package, and is directly connected to the monolithically integrated transceiver. The gain of the antenna is about 7 dBi, measured over a large bandwidth of about 8 GHz. The combination of the frequency multiplier with a 77-GHz transceiver and the on-package antenna is a promising approach for a system-in-package to future radar modules for automotive radar applications. Such a module avoids 77-GHz transitions to the printed circuit board and hence simplifies the design and manufacturing of the radar sensor significantly.

The effective method of carbon nanotubes antennas' parameters calculation has been developed. The frequency dependencies of input impedance of CNT in dielectric medium have been investigated. It is shown that an increase in the length of a nanotube length does not lead to the appearance of resonances in the centimeter wavelength range.