Although national self-determination emerged as an international legal norm with the formation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945, its implementation continued to be resisted by European colonial powers for decades after. This raises the following question: how was European colonial rule challenged at the UN? This article contends that existing accounts of decolonization have not fully theorized the processes through which colonialism was contested at the UN. It fills this gap by demonstrating the critical role of argumentation, narrativization and discursive struggles through deploying the crucial “Question of Algeria” that was debated between 1955 and 1961. It demonstrates that the Algerian question yielded two opposing discourses—an anticolonial internationalist discourse and a metrocentric civilizational discourse—with both drawing on distinct ideas about human rights and development. The analysis explains the eventual triumph of the former as states increasingly rallied behind the Algerian cause.

In 2016, Rwanda began extracting methane gas from Lake Kivu, an innovative project designed to reduce the risk of a deadly spontaneous gas release while providing clean and renewable power to an energy-strapped region. Based on qualitative research in Rwanda from 2016 to 2019, Doughty, Uwizeye, and Uwimana use the Kivu methane extraction project to ask, How do we balance urgent electrification needs with responsible energy policies that respond to environmental risks, particularly in post-conflict contexts? Analyzing the Kivu methane projects as “green extractive humanitarianism” provides cautions within the promises of sustainability and “green capitalism.”

Les signes neurologiques mineurs (SNM) sont des marqueurs aujourd’hui bien reconnus dans la schizophrénie, présents à un moindre degré chez les apparentés. Leur signification et leur spécificité reste néanmoins incertaines. Des aspects méthodologiques pourraient expliquer certaines de ces incertitudes (échelles variables selon les publications, méthodes de cotation sensible ou non au changement, types de signes pris en comptes etc) [1]. Les corrélats des SNM peuvent apporter des éléments de réponses sur leur origine et leur signification. Nous avons ainsi montré que la SNM sont associés à une moindre performance cognitive, à plus d’erreurs dans les tâches oculomotrices, notamment dans des tâches de saccades adaptatives [2], ainsi à une altération du circuit préfronto cérébelleux [3], suggérant un dysfonctionnement cérébelleux.

Par ailleurs, nous avons également montré que les patients ayant des SNM ont une altération de la morphologie corticale, avec une moindre gyrification corticale, témoignant de l’origine développementale des SNM [4].

Enfin, nous avons montré récemment que les SNM sont plus marqués chez les sujets présentant un début des troubles précoces, avant l’adolescence (avant 15 ans), comparés à ceux présentant un trouble débutant à l’âge adulte, suggérant à nouveau que les SNM sont les marqueurs d’une forme à charge développementale plus importante.

L’association des SNM avec un âge de début précoce et des anomalies structurales touchant en particulier les circuits cérébelleux, suggère que les SNM pourraient permettre d’identifier un sous-type de schizophrénie précoce, et interroge sur un continuum avec les troubles du spectre autistique.

Les conduites à risque à l’adolescence ont des conséquences inquiétantes sur le plan psychosocial et psychopathologique. Ce travail consiste à tester les relations entre tempérament et développement cognitivo-émotionnel comme facteurs de vulnérabilité dans les conduites à risque sur un échantillon de 109 adolescents suivis au niveau du service de pédopsychiatrie de l’hôpital Errazi, Annaba durant la période allant de 2007–2012. Les outils utilisés sont les questionnaires de personnalité, l’échelle de niveau de conscience émotionnelle, l’échelle de surveillance du risque pour les jeunes. Les analyses standardisées ont montré que ces conduites à risque sont plus fréquentes chez les adolescents présentant des troubles du développement cognitivo-émotionnel. Le sexe masculin est plus atteint avec un sexe-ratio de 1,61 ; que 61,77 % sont des fumeurs, 67 % consomment du cannabis, 46 % abusent des médicaments psychotropes ; 28 % ont des idées de suicide et 6,34 % ont eu le premier rapport sexuel avant l’âge de 13 ans.

Le déroulement de toute grossesse nécessite la prise en compte de la stabilité psychique de la future mère. Ce moment particulier dans la vie d’une femme peut en effet aggraver des troubles connus ou révéler une pathologie de novo. Ainsi, dans un certain nombre de cas, des thérapeutiques psychotropes s’avèrent nécessaires. Si elles sont parfois indispensables, ces prescriptions doivent néanmoins répondre à des règles et respecter des précautions liées à leur potentiel toxique sur la poursuite de la grossesse, le développement embryonnaire, fœtale et la santé de l’enfant à naître. Il est important d’évaluer à chaque étape de la grossesse le rapport bénéfice/risque concernant aussi bien la femme que l’enfant à venir et mettre rapidement en place une coordination entre le médecin prescripteur et les équipes des services d’obstétrique et de néonatalogie. Quatre ans après une première présentation au CFP à Lille, nous proposons une actualisation des connaissances sur la prescription des psychotropes pendant la grossesse, avec toujours comme objectif de souligner l’importance d’une réflexion éclairée avant toute décision de mise en place ou de maintien d’un traitement chez une femme enceinte. Si certains effets délétères doivent être impérativement connus et nos connaissances réévaluées au fil des études, il faut aussi savoir que de nombreux autres facteurs ont un impact sur le déroulement de la grossesse et le devenir de l’enfant.

Le développement phénoménal des applications numériques en santé est une opportunité pour le développement et la validation de nouveaux outils d’évaluation des symptômes subjectifs de l’enfant et de l’adolescent. Lors de cette session, nous présentons l’application MHASC© (Multisensory HAllucinations Scale for Children), destinée à évaluer les hallucinations à début précoce, qui complétera des démonstrations sur stand au cours de l’édition 2015 du CFP. L’application MHASC©, née dans la région Lilloise, est disponible en téléchargement gratuit sur le site http://www.mhasc.fr après simple enregistrement et sera très prochainement traduite en version multi-langue avec le soutien du Consortium International de Recherche sur les Hallucinations (ICHR).

Le trouble borderline est le plus fréquent des troubles de la personnalité, et sa prise en charge reste un enjeu majeur pour les psychiatres d’adultes, mais aussi pour les psychiatres d’adolescents et d’enfants. Le trouble borderline, même s’il trouve pour partie son étiopathogénie dans certaines anomalies génétiques, est aussi profondément caractérisé par des facteurs environnementaux précoces de l’enfance. Nous commenterons les études les plus récentes qui, via une conception plus dimensionnelle du trouble, retrouvent un continuum entre les adultes borderline et certaines anomalies développementales chez l’enfant. Nous ferons également une description plus précise des profils de ces enfants, illustrant certaines données sur les fondements étiologiques du trouble borderline, et nous discuterons des possibilités de prévention de ce trouble. Les troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances sont une des comorbidités les plus fréquentes chez les adolescents présentant un trouble de la personnalité borderline, compliquant le suivi de ces jeunes patients, et pouvant entraîner retrait social et désinvestissement scolaire. Nous détaillerons la prévalence des différents troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances chez les adolescents borderline de notre étude, en comparant nos résultats à ceux décrits dans la littérature internationale. Les tentatives de suicide constituent une préoccupation constante pour les cliniciens, mais également un problème majeur de santé publique via le surcoût engendré (passages aux urgences, hospitalisations…). Aucun traitement psychotrope n’a prouvé son efficacité dans la prévention des tentatives de suicide chez les patients borderline, et certaines psychothérapies, comme la thérapie dialectique comportementale de M. Linehan, ont été développées spécifiquement diminuer la fréquence des passages à l’acte hétéro-agressifs de ces patients. Nous présenterons un dispositif innovant de prévention reposant sur la mise en place d’une permanence téléphonique spécifiquement dédiée à ces patients borderline adultes.

The developments of plates are strongly driven by demands from high-sophisticatedpipeline and structural applications. Such needs reflect in plates with higher thickness,larger width, higher toughness also at lower temperatures, higher strength and/or betterresistance to sour environments. The requirement profiles are, in some cases, exceptionaland have become achievable, in an extreme combination of alloying and processingtechnologies, only as a result of comprehensive development work and plant investments. Abroad potential for innovation derives by the utilization of the key-technology TMCP(Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process). The status of present-day heavy plate productionwill be presented. An outline of the production facilities, routes and process variantswill be given. As a central element to achieve high-class requirements, aspects andparameters of the metallurgical design will be explained. The utilization will beexplained and illustrated with selected recent applications.

In northern Patagonia (Argentina), local goats are reared under extensive production system with low inputs. Approximately 700,000 goats of local breeds (Criolla Neuquina, Colorado Pampeana and others) and 550,000 Angora, which produce cashmere and mohair are being raised by about 6000 small holders. Cashmere has a potential development of 15 tons. Due to considering the high variability in fibre traits, good response to selection is expected. Based on participatory processes, development of handicraft and industrial products are promoted. Mohair production is being improved. Argentina is the world's fourth largest producer of fibre (825 tons). Its current development is promoted by the “Mohair Program”, that based on organisation, use of appropriate technologies for shearing, fibre classification and breeding. The “Program” as a whole sells 10% of total country's production, with fair criteria to determine quality and trade values. Solutions to productive problems have been facilitated by strengthening the organisations and by the participation of producers. Extension and technology transfer contributed to improve quantity and quality of the traditional products. Moreover they focus positively on the traditional productive processes. In the cases: cashmere and mohair producers are strongly connected to land and goats, on which they are dependent. They perceive themselves as valued thus overcoming the restrictions of the system.

Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of four plant growth regulators (PGRs), namely coumarin, kinetin, gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), on the development of the melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). All four compounds exerted growth-and development-inhibitory effects on the fly. Coumarin was most potent, followed by kinetin, GA3 and IAA. The first and second instars of the fly were more sensitive than the third instar. Treatment with the PGRs also prolonged the fly's developmental period, reduced percentage emergence and increased percentage of abnormal flies emerging. At the higher concentrations tested (125, 625 and 3125 µg/ml) coumarin, kinetin and GA3 caused 100% mortality in first instars.

Plumbagin, a napthoquinone from the plant Plumbago zeylanica, delayed pupation when topically applied to newly moulted final instars of the leaf eating caterpillar Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). Pupae from treated larvae emerged into non-viable adults and had abnormalities such as deformed wings and shrunken abdomens; they also died much before the control insects. The results suggest that plumbagin interferes with the process of development and ecdysis of the insect.

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of temperature and diet on the development of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Developmental times of C. partellus and C. orichalcociliellus for the egg, larval and egg-adult life stages were inversely related to temperature. The larval developmental period of C. orichalcociliellus reared on artificial diet was longer than the developmental period on natural diet. Chilo partellus had a higher intrinsic rate of natural increase than C. orichalcociliellus at all diet/temperature combinations except natural diet at 31°C.

This paper presents a growth model in which property rights are insecure and costly to enforce. Losses of property provide the impetus to establish institutions which seek to enforce property rights. Institutions are shown to implement policies that enforce property rights. The model establishes that economies in which the institutional structure does not adequately protect property rights grow slowly, or not at all, while countries with better property rights protection grow in accordance with the standard neoclassical model. Because income inequality is a primary incentive to violate another’s property rights, the model also provides a positive theory of income redistribution. Empirical tests of the model’s predictions demonstrates that government expenditures that enforce property rights raise per capita income growth.

Une grande partie des politiques de développement repose sur l’envoi de transferts aux économies connaissant des difficultés de développement. Si ces aides semblent favorables au bien être des agents, leurs effets sur la croissance de long terme des économies restent ambigus ou parfois décevants. L’objectif de cet article est de contribuer à mieux cerner les conséquences d’une politique de transferts sur la dynamique de long terme d’une économie. Pour cela, on utilise un modèle à générations imbriquées, au sein duquel sont présents un secteur d’accumulation du capital humain et un processus d’héritage de niveau de vie. L’analyse numérique du modèle permet de montrer que selon l’importance des transferts et la préférence des agents pour le loisir, la politique d’aide peut se révéler favorable ou défavorable à la croissance de l’économie.

The developmental, oviposition, and mortality rates for the polyphagous earwig Diaperasticus eryihrocephala Olivier feeding on pollen and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs were measured at constant temperatures of 18, 25 and 32 °C. The developmental period for D. erythrocephala required 533 degree-days (DD) above a threshold of 6.7 °C. Egg and larval development rates increased with increasing temperature, with the shortest developmental period being recorded at 32 °C. However, egg and larval mortality and larval malformation rates were significantly higher at 32 than at 25 and 18 °C. Over a period of 60 days, females laid an average of 26.5 eggs at 25 °C and none at 18 °C. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that of the three temperatures, 25 °C is the most suitable for the laboratory mass rearing of D. erythrocephala.

The levels of lipophorin, the principal insect haemolymph lipoprotein, were estimated during the development of solitary and gregarious phases of Schistocerca gregaria using single radial immunodiffusion. In the gregarious phase, lipophorin titres ranged from 6.69 ± 0.57 mg/ml in the 3rd nymphal instar to 14.42 ± 2.04 mg/ml in mature adults. The titres in the solitary phase were 3.33 ± 0.59 mg/ml in the 3rd nymphal instar and 8.44 ± 0.67 mg/ml in mature adults. Peak lipophorin titres occurred in mature adults (14.42 ± 2.04 mg/ml) and 5th nymphal instar (8.75 ± 0.25 mg/ml) for gregarious and solitary locusts, respectively. Gregarious locusts had significantly (P< 0.05) higher lipophorin titres than their solitary counterparts during the 3rd and 4th nymphal instars as well as in the adult stage (P< 0.01). Estimation of the haemolymph protein levels over the same period showed a general increase from the 3rd nymphal instar to mature adult stage in both phases. It is proposed that the higher lipophorin titre in gregarious locusts is a physiological adaptation that ensures high lipid reserves that are necessary to cope with the high metabolic requirements of this phase.

The development and morphometrics of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) were studied on cassava and a description was made of the different nymphal instars and oter biological characteristics. The nymphal instars were distinguished using easily recognisable morphological characteristics. Abnormally developing individuals were also easily recognised. Regression analysis was highly significant between the length and width of nymphal instars modelled collectively indicating two-dimensional growth at least across three nymphal stadia. Males were smaller than females on the basis of body length, wing width and width of the abdomen. The insects showed better development on a Colombian cassava variety as compared to an African variety, Ebwanateraka from Uganda, and consistently showed a higher proportion of males than females (2.33: 1) for early-emerging individuals. Mean developmental period on both varieties was 22 days and the first instars accounted for the major part of the developmental period which ranged from 19 to 29 days. The mean number of eggs/female/day was 4.89. The actual events of first instar eclosion, which can last up to approximately five minutes, were described. The intervals of honeydew flow to the vasiform orifice lasted a minimum mean time of 20.8 seconds and a maximum mean time of 123 seconds.

Growth, development and fecundity of Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) were studied on artificial diet and flowers of two accessions each of three wild Vigna species, namely V. vexillata (TVnu 594 and TVnu 72), V. oblongifolia (TVnu 957 and TVnu 42) and V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana (TVnu 979 and TVnu 863) and six accessions of cowpea, V. unguiculata ssp. unguiculata (Moussa Local, VICAM-1, TVu 13731, IT84S-2246, IT89KD-457 and IT91K-180). The percentage survival of the larvae, larval weights as well as growth and development indices were significantly higher on the artificial diet, flowers of cowpea cultivars and those of V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana compared to those of V. vexillata and V. oblongifolia. The fecundity of females from larvae reared on artificial diet and flowers of cowpea was also significantly higher than that of females from the wild Vigna genotypes. All variables were included in principal component analysis. Two components accounted for 81.79%. On the basis of this analysis, the diets appeared to fall into four categories based on their suitability for supporting development of M. vitrata: unsuitable (TVnu 42 and TVnu 957), fairly suitable (TVnu 72, TVnu 594, TVnu 979, Moussa Local and TVnu 863), suitable (IT89KD-457, IT91K-180, VICAM-1, TVu 13731 and IT84S-2246), and very suitable (artificial diet). The importance of these findings in the development of host plant resistance of cowpea to M. vitrata is discussed.

To study the effect of temperature on the development and predatory behaviour of Culex (Lutzia) tigripes, immature stages of the predatory mosquito Culex (Lutzia) tigripes were reared at temperatures ranging from 12–37°C and provided Culex quinquefasciatus larvae as prey. Larval developmental duration decreased with an increase in rearing temperature until an optimum temperature of 30°C was reached. Above this temperature, the immatures developed slower. In contrast, pupal developmental duration decreased at temperatures above 30°C, being shortest at 32°C. The lower and upper threshold temperatures for larval development were around 12°C and 34°C respectively. Fourth instars were the most voracious and had the longest developmental time. The daily rate of predation increased with temperature, with more prey larvae being consumed at 30°C. Although they consumed more prey, Cx. tigripes larvae and pupae were smaller at high temperature. The increase in prey consumption during the entire larval developmental period at 20°C was attributed to a longer larval duration at this temperature. Developmental period and growth of male and female larvae reared at a particular temperature were not significantly different. Depending on temperature, each larva consumed between 160 and 229 Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae during its development. The implications of these findings to the possible use of Cx. tigripes for mosquito control are discussed.

The development time and survival of the castor whitefly, Trialeurodes ricini Misra were measured at four constant temperatures. The duration of the egg stage varied from 15 days at 20°C to 4.6 days at 35°C. No eggs hatched at a constant 40°C. The minimum temperature threshold for egg development was calculated to be 17°C. The total development time from egg to adult ranged from 54.4 days at 20°C to 16.8 days at 30°C. Development of the egg and the first-to fifth-instar larva required 63 and 180 degree-days respectively above the threshold value. Immature survival increased from 64.5% at 20°C to 92.8% at 30°C. Trialeurodes ricini is well adapted to high temperatures and may extend its distribution if mean world temperatures increase as a result of global warming.