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5 results

  • Chapter 3 - Innateness

  • Muhammad Ali Khalidi, City University of New York
  • Book:
    Cognitive Ontology
    Published online:
    15 January 2023
    Print publication:
    05 January 2023, pp 75-99

  • Summary

    This chapter is about the category of innateness, which is a feature often associated with a range of cognitive phenomena, including concepts, cognitive capacities, behavioral dispositions, and mental states. Arguing against a number of recent critiques of the notion, this chapter tries to show that innateness can be identified with a cluster of properties that are causally interrelated in various ways and proposes a tentative causal model of the kind. In individuating innateness, it is important to distinguish proximal from distal causation. Some of the causal properties associated with innateness are involved in individuating innate cognitive capacities synchronically, while others are etiological in nature, responsible for making those capacities innate in the first place. This complex causal network is robust enough to warrant considering innateness to be a real kind as used in contemporary cognitive science.

  • Chapter 4 - Domain Specificity

  • Muhammad Ali Khalidi, City University of New York
  • Book:
    Cognitive Ontology
    Published online:
    15 January 2023
    Print publication:
    05 January 2023, pp 100-122

  • Summary

    This chapter considers the cognitive construct, domain specificity, which is invoked in a number of different research programs in cognitive science, to indicate cognitive capacities that are limited in certain ways. Some cognitive capacities are restricted in their application to a certain domain, whereas others range freely beyond that domain. The challenge arises in saying what constitutes the domain of a capacity, especially since areas of knowledge do not come neatly compartmentalized. Building on the work of some cognitive scientists, I argue that the best way to understand the proper domain of a cognitive capacity is by invoking evolutionary considerations. This means that domain-specific capacities are individuated etiologically (at least in part), based on their evolutionary history. They are also identified on the basis of their synchronic causal powers, what they can and cannot do, since domain-specific cognitive capacities cannot range beyond their proper domains (whereas domain-general ones can). Given this cluster of causal features, I argue that there is a prima facie case to be made for considering domain specificity to be a cognitive kind.

  • Increasing autonomy through improved care: effects of a professional care-giver training programme on the functional status of older adults

  • Elena Navarro, Miriam Sanjuán, M. Dolores Calero
  • Journal:
    Ageing & Society / Volume 43 / Issue 2 / February 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 May 2021, pp. 324-341
    Print publication:
    February 2023
    • Article
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  • The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a care-giver training programme that trains professional care-givers in cognitive stimulation strategies for functional maintenance in care-dependent older adults. The sample contained 69 older adults (37 in the treatment group, 32 control group) assessed with the Barthel Index, the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clifton Assessment Procedure for the Elderly (Cognitive Scale). Participants in the treatment group were treated by professional care-givers who were trained with the programme CUIDA-2 in communication and cognitive stimulation strategies. The results from the Barthel Index showed significant differences in the post-intervention assessment and in the follow-up assessment, where the treatment group obtained higher scores, and there were significant differences within the treatment group between the initial assessment and the post-treatment assessment, as well as between the initial assessment and the follow-up. The data obtained reflect that a training programme to train professional care-givers produced functional benefits in the older adults, and these improvements persisted over time. Moreover, the care-givers saw themselves as more competent and more satisfied with their work.

  • Memory for images intense enough to draw an administration's attention: Television and the “war on terror”

  • David Hutchinson, Samuel D. Bradley
  • Journal:
    Politics and the Life Sciences / Volume 28 / Issue 1 / March 2009
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 May 2016, pp. 31-47

  • In the recent United States–led “war on terror,” including ongoing engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan, news organizations have been accused of showing a negative view of developments on the ground. In particular, news depictions of casualties have brought accusations of anti-Americanism and aiding and abetting the terrorists' cause. In this study, video footage of war from television news stories was manipulated to investigate the effects of negative compelling images on cognitive resource allocation, physiological arousal, and recognition memory. Results of a within-subjects experiment indicate that negatively valenced depictions of casualties and destruction elicit greater attention and physiological arousal than positive and low-intensity images. Recognition memory for visual information in the graphic negative news condition was highest, whereas audio recognition for this condition was lowest. The results suggest that negative, high-intensity video imagery diverts cognitive resources away from the encoding of verbal information in the newscast, positioning visual images and not the spoken narrative as a primary channel of viewer learning.

  • 9 - Assessing suicidal behavior in children and adolescents

    • By Cynthia R. Pfeffer, Professor of Psychiatry, Director of the Childhood Bereavement Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605 USA e-mail: [email protected]
  • Edited by Robert A. King, Yale University, Connecticut, Alan Apter, Tel-Aviv University
  • Book:
    Suicide in Children and Adolescents
    Published online:
    04 December 2009
    Print publication:
    28 August 2003, pp 211-226

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses a systematic approach based on an understanding of developmental issues that are important for evaluating children and adolescents for suicidal behavior. Individuals from the age of 11 years through adulthood have developed operational concepts that enable them to think in abstract terms. Their concepts about lethality should be similar to those of adults in appraising the dangerousness of a behavior. The clinical assessment of suicidal behavior of children or adolescents must consider the developmental level of the cognitive capacity of a specific child or adolescent. In general, the assessment of suicidal behavior requires a sufficient amount of time to evaluate multiple factors that are associated with suicidal behavior. The concept of state-dependent recall is relevant in interviewing children and adolescents about their suicidal states. Play is a natural method of identifying suicidal behavior in children and young adolescents.