Chapter 8 examines regulatory rules, beginning with an examination of written rules. It underlines the inescapability of interpretive uncertainty and considers ways in which that uncertainty can be addressed, including varying the precision of rules, how they are specified, the publication of interpretive ‘guidance’ (sometimes called ‘soft law’) and the delegation of detailed standard-setting to ‘technical experts’.

American politics has become sharply polarized. Partisan deadlock has prevented the addressing of critical public policy issues. A prime example is Congress’s inability to pass campaign finance legislation. Corporations spend unlimited amounts of company funds to promote management’s preferred candidates without disclosure. The distortive effects of large unaccountable corporate political expenditures are evident, and the opportunity for corrupting our politics is clear. In addition, large undisclosed corporate contributions pose a threat to a well-functioning marketplace and democracy. This chapter addresses the challenge of addressing corporate political spending through the informal, non-state suasion and advocacy of the nonprofit Center for Political Accountability. CPA is a case study in successful private ordering, prompting S&P 500 companies to disclose corporate political spending; develop policies that will ensure good compliance and governance; adopt codes of conduct to reflect and inspire pro-accountability behavior; and successfully compete with other firms for best disclosure and accountability practices.

This chapter explains what is – and isn’t – archaeology, its historical development, thematic and global spread, and the development of the discipline as a profession. The chapter also discusses archaeological ethics, professional standards, and codes of conduct.

Chapter 13 focuses more specifically on supermarket power and explore how efficiency and fairness become interdependent discourses in supermarket-supplier relations. Concentration in large grocery retail, in conjunction with associated growth in private labels and retailer control over shelf space, have generated a substantial power imbalance between big supermarket chains and the businesses that supply them. Supermarkets are said to be exploiting the imbalance to their own advantage, spawning a growing chorus of complaints from suppliers and from their representative organisations and political supporters. It has also garnered intense media, political and regulatory attention across a range of jurisdictions. This Chapter uses the analytical technique of problematisation to demonstrate how the “problem” concerning supermarket-supplier relations involves two distinct discourses relating to competition, on the one hand, and fairness, on the other. It highlights both potential tensions and interdependencies between these discourses and explores how they have been salient in both framing the aforementioned problem in public and policy debates and shaping regulatory responses. In particular, it critically examines the emergence of codes of conduct as a response to this problem drawing primarily on experience in Australia and to some extent, by way of comparison, the United Kingdom.

The authority to prescribe raises a range of important ethical concerns. This chapter provides an account of the ethical issues in independent and supplementary prescribing with an overview of ethical frameworks, medical and non-medical prescribers. The core of ethical considerations of prescribing is the imbalance of power between the prescriber and patient where there is the potential for abuse and the power to control. As such, links to governing bodies are included with specific relationships between ethics and codes to remind practitioners that objective external standards are necessary to ensure they have a frame of reference against which to judge their actions

Ethical thinking is an indispensable component of sound professional practice across all areas of applied psychology. Within it, practitioners seek to take account of both the principles formulated in codes of conduct and the rights of all the involved participants. In this chapter we first describe the background to and the fundamental concepts of normative ethics before examining the agreed practical ethical principles that determine standards of work and the processes of ethically aware decision making. We identify the major sources of philosophical thought that have influenced the development of professional codes of practice. Examining the implications of this in a variety of contexts in forensic psychology, we focus on the most frequently encountered moral dilemmas and challenges that arise. They are drawn from the areas of working with clients, professional supervision, and research; and involve issues such as the protection of confidentiality, avoidance of role conflicts, resolution of the sometimesincongruent priorities of individual and public domains, and management of boundaries in professional relationships.

This chapter distinguishes between two approaches to ethics and engineering, namely "ethics and the engineer" and "ethics and the practice of engineering." The former relates to issues such as the responsibility of an individual engineer in general and within organizations, as spelled out in codes of conduct (such as professional engineering codes, company codes, and other important international codes). The ethics-up-front approach is presented in relation to the latter approach, as proactive thinking about ethics in the practice of engineering. Engineers employ and engage in a variety of activities including the assessment and evaluation of risks, costs, and benefits, and the design and development of artifacts and systems, for instance energy systems. At every turn in those activities, values are expressed either explicitly or implicitly, and choices have ethical ramifications, whether recognized or not. The chapter helps engineers to better identify the ethical problems in hand so as to provide tools and frameworks to proactively address these problems.

Governance includes nonstate actors and nonlegal instruments. Nonstate governance – that which is developed, implemented, and/or enforced by nonstate actors – can fill roles that state law cannot or does so poorly. This chapter considers the extent to which nonstate actors do, could, and should contribute to solar geoengineering governance. It introduces key concepts of nonstate governance. The extant governance that is specific to solar geoengineering is largely nonstate. This is particularly evident in the development, influence, and apparent compliance with multiple sets of principles, such as the Oxford principles. Notably, for the most part, these sets substantively agree. The chapter closes with an analysis of nonstate governance’s potential. It concludes that nonstate governance should contribute because solar geoengineering’s characteristics – such as technically complexity, dynamism, reliance upon experts’ knowledge, transboundary impacts, and researchers' shared yet undifferentiated reputational sensitivity – are favorable to nonstate governance, while states are taking no significant steps toward governance.