The Righi–Leduc heat flux generated by the self-generated magnetic field in the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability driven by a laser irradiating thin targets is studied through two-dimensional extended-magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The perturbation structure gets into a low magnetization state though the peak strength of the self-generated magnetic field could reach hundreds of teslas. The Righi–Leduc effect plays an essential impact both in the linear and nonlinear stages, and it deflects the total heat flux towards the spike base. Compared to the case without the self-generated magnetic field included, less heat flux is concentrated at the spike tip, finally mitigating the ablative stabilization and leading to an increase in the velocity of the spike tip. It is shown that the linear growth rate is increased by about 10% and the amplitude during the nonlinear stage is increased by even more than 10% due to the feedback of the magnetic field, respectively. Our results reveal the importance of Righi–Leduc heat flux to the growth of the instability and promote deep understanding of the instability evolution together with the self-generated magnetic field, especially during the acceleration stage in inertial confinement fusion.

In order to encrypt/encode data based on the magnitude level of the radar cross-section (RCS), we propose an approach with a precise estimation considering the resonant characteristics of a multipatch backscatter-based chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) dedicated for chipless tags depolarization. The working principle is based on the polarization mismatch between the tag and the reader antenna to control the magnitude of the backscatter, which allows a reliable detection in real environments. We introduce in this paper a new 4-bit chipless RFID tag with an enhanced RCS, based on a triangular patch antenna with multiple resonators. Additionally, we propose an ultra-wideband impulse radar (UWB-IR)-based reader that interrogates the chipless tag with a UWB pulse, and the received backscatter was studied in both time- and frequency-domains. The antenna was operating from 4.7 to 6.1 GHz, a band allocated for RFID systems. The obtained experimental measurement results in the environment of anechoic chamber were exceptionally relevant to validate the simulation results.

From 1993–1995, Florida dairy cooperatives implemented a seasonal pricing plan in an attempt to decrease the variability in seasonal production. Farmers that participated in the seasonal pricing plan were able to reduce seasonality in each year when compared to 1992 by as much as 20 percent. For farmers that did not participate, seasonality increased in each year by as much as 32 percent. Overall, the seasonal pricing plan was effective in reducing seasonality for those farmers that chose to participate in the plan and that its limited short-run success was the result of seasonality increases by non-participating farms.

When a ship is moored by a single anchor at the anchorage, its combined motions (i.e. yaw, sway, surge, etc.) are usually induced by external forces. Previous studies have gained some insights into the forces on anchor chains, but the motions for Capesize vessels still need to be further investigated. The length of anchor chain required for safe anchoring also needs to be carefully calculated rather than determined solely by the experience and judgement of Captains. The relationship between the length of chain and water depth, wind force, current velocity and the trim (draught difference forward/aft) requires further study. Our new methods consider all necessary factors which may exert significant influence on ships, including not only the water depth at the anchoring location but also the particulars of the ships, its equipment and the environmental conditions. Here, a numerical simulation model to describe the behaviour of an anchored Capesize ship is presented, with the comparison of results between simulations and real time model tests carried out. A discussion highlights the important features of the methods which provide mariners with theoretical solutions.

An alternative approach is based on statistically computed signal analysis technique for the design of antenna array exhibiting lower side lobes in their radiation pattern. New and generalized expressions for the array factor of all physically realizable linear antenna arrays are introduced. An algorithm based on the statistically computed signal analysis is designed. By considering the random elements, distance between the sensors, their mean, variance, average amplitude pattern and correlation of the amplitude between the two angles, some mathematical formulations have been done and shown with the help of MATLAB. Based on these generalized expressions, a new way of synthesizing arrays with reduced side lobes is available. It applies to end fire antenna array, which may have either even or odd numbers of sensors with restricted elements spacing. Final expressions shown are a clear relationship between elements excitation and null location in the radiation patterns.

The electroretinographic response to L- and M-cone isolating stimuli was measured at different luminance levels to study the effect of retinal illuminance on amplitude and phase, and how this may influence estimates of L:M ratios in the retina. It was found that the amplitude of L- and M-cone driven responses increases differently with increasing retinal illuminance: L-cone responses increase more quickly than those of M-cones. The L:M ratio does not change strongly with retinal illuminance. The phase of both L- and M-cone driven responses advances with increasing retinal illuminance. There is considerable interindividual variability in the phase difference between the two, but generally M-cone driven responses are phase advanced.

The present theoretical study investigates turbulent film boiling on an elliptical tube with steam heating surface inside. The flow direction of the heating steam is opposite to the vapor film of the outer tube. Thus, the surface temperature is expressed by cosine function. The effect of temperature amplitude, eccentricity, nonlinear viscosity, nonlinear thermal conductivity, radiation and eddy diffusivity are all included in the present analysis. And the paper also discusses the vapor thickness, local Nusselt number and mean Nusselt number. The result shows, first, under the free convection turbulent film boiling with temperature variation, the bigger the temperature amplitude value is, the better the heat transfer efficiency is. Next, the increase of the eccentricity values will bring out the increase of the Nusselt number. Finally, a comparison between the results of the present study and those reported in a previous theoretical data is provided.

It is not possible for persons within and between the many disciplines involved in disasters to communicate with each other without clear definitions of the specific terms that are used. In many instances, the same terms have different meanings in different disciplines. Thus, a standardized set of definitions is provided in this chapter and in the associated Glossary of Terms. Some definitions discussed in this Chapter include: (1) disaster; (2) medical disaster; (3) hazard; (4) risk; (5) prevention; (6) modification; (7) event (including onset, duration, amplitude, intensity, scale, and magnitude); (8) impact; (9) mitigation; (10) preparedness; (11) damage; (12) vulnerability; (13) resilience; (14) absorbing capacity; (15) buffering capacity; (16) disaster management; (17) response; and (18) recovery. An annotated, comprehensive set of definitions is provided in the Glossary of Terms in these Guidelines.