We quantified the amount of pollen carried by bats and birds visiting the flowers of cultivated and wild individuals of the endemic Agave cupreata in western Mexico and estimated the distance to which pollen was moved using diurnal/nocturnal inflorescence exclusions and fluorescent powders. There were no differences in the amount of pollen transported by bats and birds near cultivated and wild agaves, but overall, bats transported greater loads than birds. Nocturnal pollen movement was more frequent, and the maximum distance recorded was 630 m (diurnal and nocturnal), with no transfer between cultivated and wild plants. Bats seem to provide a greater pollination service than birds in our focal anthropized landscape. It is necessary to incorporate management practices into mezcal production that ensure enough food for the wide array of animal species using this resource, which in turn will help to maintain the pollination service.

The introduction of agriculture is a key defining element of the Neolithic, yet considerable debate persists concerning the nature and significance of early farming practices in north-west Europe. This paper reviews archaeobotanical evidence from 95 Neolithic sites (c. 4000–2200 cal bc) in Wales, focusing on wild plant exploitation, the range of crops present, and the significance of cereals in subsistence practices. Cereal cultivation practices in Early Neolithic Wales are also examined using cereal grain stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis. The Early Neolithic period witnessed the widespread uptake of cereals alongside considerable evidence for continued wild plant exploitation, notably hazelnuts and wild fruits. The possibility that wild plants and woodlands were deliberately managed or altered to promote the growth of certain plants is outlined. Small cereal grain assemblages, with little evidence for chaff and weed seeds, are common in the Early Neolithic, whereas cereal-rich sites are rare. Emmer wheat was the dominant crop in the Early Neolithic, while other cereal types were recorded in small quantities. Cereal nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values from Early Neolithic sites provided little evidence for intensive manuring. We suggest that cultivation conditions may have been less intensive when compared to other areas of Britain and Europe. In the later Neolithic period, there is evidence for a decline in the importance of cereals. Finally, the archaeobotanical and crop isotope data from this study are considered within a wider European context.

Introduction. En Afriquede l’Ouest, plusieurs études ont révélé la richesse numérique des espècescomposant les zones de forêts et savanes ainsi que la diversitéde leurs utilisations. Parmi les espèces utilitaires, les lianesoccupent une place importante car leurs fruits sont très prisésdans l’alimentation, la pharmacopée et l’artisanat ; elles sontde plus une source de revenus non négligeables pour les populationslocales. Au Togo, les informations relatives aux lianes restentfragmentaires ; il nous est donc apparu urgent de recenser cellesentrant dans l’alimentation humaine afin de proposer des mesuresde conservation et de valorisation en leur faveur. Matérielet méthodes. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été réaliséessur un échantillon de 433 personnes dans 60 localités mono-ethniquesregroupant 28 ethnies, dans quatre zones écologiques du Togo. Des interviewssemi-structurées ont été effectuées pour la collecte d’informations. Lesquestions ont porté sur le nom vernaculaire des espèces fruitières,le moment d’apparition des fleurs et des fruits, ainsi que sur lesautres utilisations des fruits. Ces enquêtes ethnobotaniques ontété complétées par des observations sur le terrain qui ont permisla réalisation de 215 relevés floristiques. Résultats.Au total, dix-sept espèces de lianes à fruits comestibles appartenantà 15 genres et 13 familles (dont essentiellement des Apocynaceaeet des Rubiaceae) ont été recensées. Ces espèces produisent pour laplupart des fruits charnus (baies et drupes). Ils sont principalementconsommés crus sur les lieux de cueillette, commercialisés sur lesmarchés locaux, ou utilisés à des fins condimentaires. Ils représentent uneressource alimentaire importante et fournissent un complément appréciable derevenus. Conclusion. Du fait de leur potentiel alimentaireet économique, la plupart des espèces lianescentes à fruits comestiblesmériteraient d’être valorisées. Mais leur statut de plantes alimentairessauvages et leur port lianescent constituent des facteurs qui handicapent leurvalorisation.

The importance of edible wild plants may be traced to antiquity but systematic studies are recent. Anthropologists, botanists, ecologists, food scientists, geographers, nutritionists, physicians and sociologists have investigated cultural aspects and nutrient composition of edible species. Important contributions to the diet from edible wild plants are well documented and numerous studies reveal roles played by ‘lesser-known’ species when meeting macro- and micronutrient needs of groups at risk, whether infants and children, pregnant and/or lactating women, or the elderly. The literature is vast and scattered but information on the macro- and micronutrient content of wild plants and their importance to the human diet appear in five kinds of publications: cultural works by social scientists, descriptions and inventories by botanists, dietary assessment studies by nutritionists, intervention programmes managed by epidemiologists and physicians, and composition data generally conducted by food scientists and chemists. Many macro- and micronutrient-dense wild species deserve greater attention but lack of adequate nutrient databases, whether by region or nation, limit educational efforts to improve diets in many Third World areas. Limited and uneven compositional data generally reflect factors of cost and personal interest in key nutrients. Whilst edible wild plants are regularly deprecated by policy makers and considered to be the ‘weeds of agriculture’, it would be tragic if this led to loss of ability to identify and consume these important available species.

Introduction. Although some of the non-formal food items consumed in Southeastern Nigeria are exotic, the indigenous products are becoming increasingly popular. There is also a growing interest among scientists in various disciplines to conduct research on nutritional, medicinal, industrial and other uses of the less studied and largely indigenous plants. Unlike the exotic fruits and seeds literature on the purely indigenous species is scanty. This paper is aimed at the documentation of some of the readily identified species producing fruits and seeds, which are considered to be endangered. Materials and methods. Selected plants producing edible fruits and seeds and considered to be endangered in Southeastern Nigeria were compiled in a list. Mature forms of the fruits and seeds were covered by means of color photographs and further categorized according to their families, growth habits, state of domestication, local names and methods of utilization. Results and discussion. Thirty plant species belonging to 19 families were recorded. The list includes 19 trees, 3 shrubs, 4 climbers and 2 rhizomatous monocots. About 27% of the species listed enjoy some degree of cultivation, while about 70% may still be found protected or wild. Up to 16% are still harvested only from the wild plants. The factors predisposing most of the species to extinction would be: loss of habitat due to deforestation and other forms of population pressure on the ecosystem; lack of interest in tree planting due to rather long gestation periods of existing genetic stock; increasing pressure and demand from few surviving stands; unsustainable harvesting methods. Conclusion. Ex situ conservation strategies, genetic and other tree improvement studies, encouragement of home garden and village forest settlement practices, and the introduction of incentives for tree planting are recommended strategies for conservation and sustainable production of the highly prized indigenous edible fruit and seeds in the area.

The relative ozone sensitivities of 25 German native herbaceous plant species, representative of arable field margins or disturbed habitats, were examined over three consecutive growing seasons. Plants were grown from seed, potted into natural soils and exposed in open-top chambers for the entire season to different ozone-exposure regimes covering a range of concentrations from <5 to 48 ppb (seasonal 8 h daily mean). The assessment of ozone effects was carried out by recording the first day of visible symptom appearance and the percentage of injured leaves at the end of vegetative growth. Species exhibited contrasting patterns of symptom expression under ozone stress, with either ozone-specific symptoms or ozone-enhanced foliar pigmentation and senescence. Classifications of species according to their ozone susceptibility varied depending on whether measurement was of the total extent of visible injury, ozone threshold doses for the incidence of symptoms, or modelled exposure–response relationships. The most sensitive species exhibiting ozone-specific symptoms were Cirsium arvense and Sonchus asper, which responded to accumulated ozone exposures <1500 ppb.h (AOT40). For these and three other species, an AOT40 peak of a single day was found to be responsible for the incidence of ozone-specific symptoms, i.e. injury occurred rapidly within a few days of the day with the highest AOT40, while other species responded only to longer-term ozone exposures. The relative ozone sensitivity of the species was calculated by combining the different sensitivity criteria, and possible systematic trends (taxonomic or evolutionary features) are pointed out. The results suggest it may be possible to use a particular group of native herbaceous plant species with contrasting patterns of ozone sensitivity as a biomonitoring system in the field. This allows plant responses to be related either to peak values or to prolonged ozone exposure, making it possible to distinguish between short- and long-term effects of ozone.

Although there is a great deal of concern about the effects of human activities on biodiversity, until recently there has been very little interest in the effects of ozone on the species that constitute the major part of the flora, the diverse herbaceous and shrubby species of natural and semi-natural communities. However, many wild species have been shown to be at least as sensitive to ozone as crops that show significant yield losses, so there is a pressing need for an evaluation of the risk to wild species posed by ozone. This review attempts to assess progress and highlight problems. It begins with a comment on semantics, discusses the difficulties involved in measuring relative ozone resistance and then proceeds to consider the effects of ozone on growth and resource allocation. The evidence for evolution of resistance is appraised and then the potential effects of several interactions (cutting/grazing, competition, soil water deficit and nutrition) are considered. The review ends with some remarks on observation of oxidant-induced changes in ecosystems.

Species diversity of animals and plants is relevant to pest management in very different ways. Plant diversity provides sources of biologically active natural products and of genes for plant resistance. Animal diversity is involved in both harmful and beneficial interactions between crops and weeds or uncultivated land and in provision of potential biological control agents. The pest management implications of changes in biological diversity therefore need to be considered at a smaller scale in the management of cropping systems and on a larger scale in development programmes and national land use planning.