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2 results

  • Nutritional status of lactating women in Bogor district, Indonesia: cross-sectional dietary intake in three economic quintiles and comparison with pre-pregnant women

  • Siti Madanijah, Rimbawan Rimbawan, Dodik Briawan, Zulaikhah Zulaikhah, Nuri Andarwulan, Lilis Nuraida, Tonny Sundjaya, Laksmi Murti, Jacques Bindels
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 116 / Issue S1 / July 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 June 2016, pp. S67-S74
    Print publication:
    July 2016
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  • The way in which women accommodate for their increased nutritional needs during the lactation period is poorly investigated. In a cross-sectional study involving 220 lactating women (LW), equally distributed in economic quintiles (Q2, Q3, Q4), we investigated whether habitual dietary intake of LW differed from that of 200 pre-pregnant women (PPW) studied using the same methodology. Differences in dietary intake and nutrition sufficiency according to economic status were also investigated. Dietary intake data were collected using 2×24-h dietary recalls and FFQ. Energy, protein, Fe, Ca, Zn and vitamins A and C intakes were calculated utilising local food composition tables and were compared against Indonesian recommendations for adequacy. Energy and protein intakes <70 % of the recommendation and Fe, Ca, Zn and vitamins A and C intakes <77 % of the recommendation were considered insufficient. Except for Zn, dietary intakes of all studied nutrients were higher in LW compared with PPW. However, for all studied nutrients, dietary intake was insufficient in >25 % of LW. For Q2-LW, this proportion was >50 %, except for protein. LW across all studied economic quintiles approximately doubled their vegetable intake, and 71 % of LW indicated a belief that this enhances lactation performance. Biochemical status parameters were analysed in a subset of forty-five women. Anaemia as well as Fe, Zn and Se deficiencies were prevalent among LW, supporting the nutrient intake deficiency data. Despite increasing intakes in LW compared with PPW, habitual diets in the study area do not provide for daily nutrient requirements in substantial proportions for both LW and PPW across all investigated economic groups.

  • The importance of composite foods for estimates of vegetable and fruit intakes

  • MM O'Brien, M Kiely, M Galvin, A Flynn
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 6 / Issue 7 / October 2003
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 December 2006, pp. 711-726
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  • Objective:

    To evaluate the contribution of composite foods to vegetable and fruit intakes in Irish adults and to compliance with dietary guidelines for vegetable and fruit intake.

    Design:

    Data were analysed from the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey of 18–64-year-old adults (n = 1379; 662 men, 717 women), which used a 7-day food diary to estimate food intake.

    Results:

    The mean intake of vegetables (excluding potatoes) was 140g day−1 (men 149g day−1; women 132g day−1), of fruit was 136 g day−1 (men 133g day−1; women 140 g day−1) and of potatoes was 227 g day−1 (men 296g day−1; women 163 g day−1). The mean daily intakes of vegetables, fruit and potatoes from composite foods were 37 g (26%), 6 g (5%) and 17 g (7%), respectively. The mean intake of vegetables from composite foods was unrelated to age or gender, but increased with increasing social class and level of education attained. The proportions of men and women meeting the recommendation for ≥400g day−1 (5 servings of 80 g per day) of vegetables and fruit were 21% (15% excluding composite foods) and 19% (12% excluding composite foods), respectively. Compliance with the dietary recommendation decreased with decreasing levels of educational attainment and social class.

    Conclusion:

    Intakes of vegetables and fruit are low compared with current dietary recommendations, particularly in those of lower levels of educational attainment and social class. Composite foods are an important source of vegetables (less importantly of fruit) and should be included when estimating vegetable intakes. Failure to do so may result in bias in estimates of intake and of compliance with dietary guidelines for population groups, as well as misclassification of individuals by level of intake.