Mineralogical weathering sequences in sediments overlying lignite beds were investigated in a core (27 m deep) from Calvert, Robertson County, northeast Texas. Weathering trends were evaluated based on the properties and relative distributions of both the expandable and non-expandable minerals. The sulfide minerals in these sediments are the most susceptible to weathering and were only observed in the unaltered (reduced) zone below 7 m. Oxidation of the sulfides has resulted in the formation of jarosite and gypsum in the upper 7 m of the core (oxidized zone). The oxidized zone is further characterized by reddish brown colors (high chroma), a greater quantity of dithionite-extractable iron, and absence of chlorite. Although the major clay minerals in these sediments (smectite, kaolinite, mica) are largely detrital, weathering has resulted in an increase in the content of kaolinite and a decrease in the content of mica towards the surface. The mica appears to have altered to a high-charge smectite characterized by basal spacings of 32 Â after intercalation with octadecylammonium cations. The high-charge smectite is most abundant in the soil horizons at the top of the core and gradually decreases with depth. A low-charge smectite is the most abundant species in the un weathered parent sediments and increases with depth. Key Words—Lignite, Oxidation, Reclamation, Smectite, Soil, Weathering.

The Appalachian region of the United States is home to the largest temperate deciduous forest in the world, though surface mining has caused significant forest loss. Many former coal mines are now dominated by invasive plants, which often inhibit establishment of desirable species, especially slower-growing native trees. Autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is a nonnative, nitrogen-fixing shrub that was historically planted on former coalfields, but now impedes reclamation. To better understand the influence of E. umbellata management practices on hardwood establishment, we evaluated two common management practices: cutting and cut stump herbicide treatment. Planted native tree species, including black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), pin oak (Quercus palustris Münchh.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.), were monitored for survival and performance over two growing seasons following E. umbellata removal. In each plot, we also measured plant-available nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) in soils using ionic exchange membranes. At the end of the first growing season, native tree survival was high, and the presence or absence of E. umbellata had little effect on tree survival or growth, despite the higher plant-available nitrate where E. umbellata was present. By the end of the second growing season, native tree survival dropped to 20% to 60% and varied among E. umbellata treatments. Survival was highest when E. umbellata was cut and treated with herbicide, though tree growth was similar across all treatments without E. umbellata. When establishing native trees to replace E. umbellata, cutting and herbicide application treatment of the invader resulted in the highest overall efficacy (100% control), though the most cost-effective method may be to simply cut mature stands despite regrowth, as this resulted in equivalent native tree growth over 2 yr. While this allowed E. umbellata regeneration, it provided sufficient invader control to allow initial tree establishment. Cutting and herbicide application treatment resulted in less E. umbellata regeneration and appears to provide greater assurance that established trees will persist over the long term.

This paper explores the development of tile-stamping in the period a.d. 100–50 by the Gloucester and Cirencester civic authorities, and by private tile-makers in Gloucestershire, and the territorial divisions between them. It argues that builders’ merchants were used in tile distribution and building reclamation and, inter alia, identifies Hucclecote villa as such a site. It proposes that Gloucester tiles stamped just RPG were issued annually and were used for commercial purposes while tiles with magistrates’ names were issued as required, but only for use on public buildings. The evidence suggests that these stamps were subsequently extensively curated. This paper adds nearly 200 new stamps to the existing catalogues and proposes significant revisions to the magistrate dies as a result.

Andegna (The First) was developed and performed during the fall and winter of 2009–10 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This article examines the complex social, political, and cultural contexts that informed the training, workshops, and process of creating an ensemble and performance in a time of national transformation. Urbanization and the crossing currents of Africa, Islam, Christian Orthodoxy, capitalism, the West, and technology prompted the re-conceptualization of performance, its function, and expression. In this article Thomas Riccio highlights the methodologies of reinventing an indigenous performance that is respectful of local traditions yet contemporary and accessible. He discusses how performance provides a forum for revealing social, political, and cultural trauma, and itself becomes an act of affirmation – an assertion of protest and healing that makes visible, immediate, and tactile the histories and unresolved issues haunting modern Ethiopia. Thomas Riccio, is Professor of Performance and Aesthetic Studies at the University of Texas at Dallas, having previously been Professor of Theatre at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Artistic Director of Chicago's Organic Theater Company, Resident Director and Dramaturg, the Cleveland Play House, Assistant Literary Director at the American Repertory Theatre, Visiting Professor at the University of Dar es Salaam and the Korean National University for the Arts, and Artistic Director of Tuma Theatre, an Alaska Native performance group. He has worked extensively in the area of indigenous performance, ritual, and shamanism, conducting workshops, research, and devising numerous performances in Africa, Russia, Siberia, Korea, China, Vietnam, and Alaska. He was declared a ‘Cultural Hero’ of the Sakha Republic in central Siberia.

La disparition des nitrates d'une nappe superficielle circulant sous un bois d'aulnes et la mesure directe de l'émission de N2O (méthode à l'acétylène) montrent la capacité de ce type de végétation à améliorer la qualité des eaux souterraines. L'activité de ce système semble atteindre une efficacité plus élevée que celle des eaux de surface en raison de la conjonction de facteurs favorables : fourniture de carbone organique dégradable, conditions d'anaérobiose, transport de masse des nitrates.Etant donné l'efficacité du processus, il est suggéré un réaménagement en aulnaie des lacs de gravières situés en amont des captages d'eau potable, afin d'en améliorer la qualité des eaux.