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7 results

  • Differentiating Healthy Orthorexia from Orthorexia Nervosa: Sociodemographic, Psychological, and Dietary Characteristics in a French Sample

  • Eva HANRAS, Emilie BOUJUT, Juan Ramón BARRADA, Géraldine DORARD
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Accepted manuscript
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 November 2024, pp. 1-28
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • Objective:

    Orthorexia has been widely studied, but recently, a new conceptualisation was proposed to distinguish its healthy characteristics from its pathological ones. The objective of this study was to differentiate healthy orthorexia (HeOr) from orthorexia nervosa (OrNe) by exploring their sociodemographic, psychological, health, and dietary characteristics using comparative and correlational statistical methods.

    Design:

    Cross-sectional analysis. Participants completed an online, self-administered questionnaire assessing their sociodemographic characteristics, orthorexia, exercise dependence, personality, health anxiety, food choice motives, emotional competences, and eating disorders.

    Setting:

    Data were collected between May 2021 and September 2022.

    Participants:

    1,515 French females (meanage = 37.67). Responses from men were excluded.

    Results:

    While OrNe was mainly associated with weight control motives in food choices (r = .42), HeOr was more strongly correlated with natural content (r=.60) and health motives (r = .49). In relation to exercising, OrNe showed its highest association with weight control (r = 41). Health anxiety was more strongly associated with OrNe than with HeOr. Both OrNe and HeOr were related to diet adherence and regular exercise, but the association was stronger for the latter. Orthorexia scores, mainly OrNe, were higher in participants at the risk of eating disorders. Participants who were afraid to gain weight showed higher OrNe scores.

    Conclusions:

    HeOr seems to be part of a healthy lifestyle in general. In contrast, OrNe falls into the category of an eating disorder and is associated with more problematic psychological functioning. Particular attention should be given to individuals who are beginning to control and reduce their food intake to prevent them from developing OrNe.

  • Chapter 6: - Eating Disorders

  • Charlotte Markey, Rutgers University, New Jersey
  • Book:
    Adultish
    Published online:
    10 October 2024
    Print publication:
    01 August 2024, pp 95-116

  • Summary

    • Healthy eating habits include choosing mostly nutritious food options from what is available to you (for example, fruits and vegetables), but also include enjoying food and making eating a fun part of your life.

    • Always denying yourself foods that you enjoy or eating too much or too little to feel good, isn’t healthy and may lead to disordered eating, or even a serious eating disorder. If you think that you or someone you know may have an eating disorder, talk with an adult and look for treatment ASAP.

    • Treatment for eating disorders is possible, but most effective if it begins early in the development of the disorder and includes specialists with expertise in treating eating disorders.

  • Chapter 13 - Subclinical Features as Treatment Barriers

  • from Part II - Clinical Pitfalls and Treatment Failures
  • Jenna DiLossi, Center for Hope and Health, LLC, Pennsylvania, Melissa Harrison, Center for Hope and Health, LLC, Pennsylvania
  • Book:
    Comorbid Eating Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
    Published online:
    14 December 2023
    Print publication:
    21 December 2023, pp 84-88

  • Summary

    Due to the rates of comorbidity between OCD and EDs, it is common for clinicians to encounter patients with subclinical features of each disorder. This can present in various ways, such as patients having a primary diagnosis of one disorder but with subclinical features of the other, or patients having a subclinical secondary feature of the other disorder. One of the most common co-occurring traits in EDs and OCD is perfectionism, which may present as high achievement, rigidity, overpreparedness, thoroughness, extreme promptness, and checking behaviors related to many domains, but it can also present as avoidant and somewhat scattered. Perfectionism in EDs would typically include content related to diet, eating behaviors, and exercise, whereas in OCD it may be related to morality-based obsessions. Impression management is another trait that is often seen in both disorders, which can cause anxiety and self-doubt. This can make it difficult for patients to be honest with their provider, thus hindering the treatment process. Orthorexia is a subclinical disorder that has traits of both EDs and OCD, highlighting the complication of subclinical features presenting at the same time.

  • 7 - A New Disorder: Orthorexia

  • from Part III - The Hypermodern Contradictory Relationship with Food
  • Fabio Gabrielli, Floriana Irtelli
  • Book:
    Body Image and Eating Disorders
    Published online:
    26 May 2022
    Print publication:
    09 June 2022, pp 88-99

  • Summary

    This chapter provides an overview of orthorexia, a relatively new disease included within the broader category of eating disorders. The term orthorexia derives from the combination of two Greek words: orthos, meaning "healthy/correct" and oreksis, meaning "appetite." It is used to describe an unhealthy obsession with eating only healthy and natural food. A series of worries are related to this phenomenon: some preoccupations are expressly rooted in cultural and social contexts that reinforce the importance of healthy eating. For example, certain food items may be invested with alleged curative power and almost miraculous properties in some environments. Such views can discourage individuals from having a spontaneous and direct relationship with food because foods may be chosen only for their supposed healing properties rather than their taste. Theories, clinical cases, and scientific studies about this topic are presented.

Body Image and Eating Disorders
  • An Anthropological and Psychological Overview
  • Fabio Gabrielli, Floriana Irtelli
  • Published online:
    26 May 2022
    Print publication:
    09 June 2022
  • One of the paradoxes of our current era is that only 10% of obese or overweight people are actually dieting, whereas nearly 20% of the remaining population are trying to lose weight, even if they do not need to. This volume looks into our contemporary relationship with food by inserting current body image and eating disorders, like orthorexia and bigorexia, into a broader, historical overview. Gabrielli and Irtelli combine their knowledge of psychoanalysis and anthropology with scientific research and clinical experience to create this truly interdisciplinary work. Their study uses psychoanalytical theories about our 'hyper-modern' times to trace the impact that mass media has on individuals, families and societies. It explores various 'food tribes' and exposes the contradictions of today's mass media that advertise fitness and dieting alongside increasingly tastier and accessible foods. The work helps us to understand our highly social relationship with our bodies and what we eat.

  • Investigating the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and autistic traits in a university population

  • Barbara Carpita, Ivan Mirko Cremone, Giulia Amatori, Andrea Cappelli, Antonio Salerni, Gabriele Massimetti, Davide Borgioli, Claudia Carmassi, Rossano Massai, Liliana Dell’Osso
  • Journal:
    CNS Spectrums / Volume 27 / Issue 5 / October 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 April 2021, pp. 613-620
  • Background

    Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is an emerging condition featuring restrictive eating behaviors on the basis of subjective beliefs about food healthiness. Many authors have stressed the similarities between ON and anorexia nervosa (AN) in both cognitive and behavioral patterns. Despite that, while the link between AN and female autism presentations is well known in the literature, no study has yet investigated the relationship between ON and autism spectrum. This work aims to investigate the relationship between ON and autistic traits in a university population.

    Methods

    An e-mail invitation was sent to all the students and University workers of University of Pisa. Subjects were asked to fulfill the ORTO-15 and the Adult Autism Subthreshold spectrum (AdAS spectrum) questionnaires.

    Results

    A total of 2426 subjects joined the survey: 623 subjects (26.3%) reported a score associated with significant orthorexic symptoms according to ORTO-15 (ON group), while 1789 subjects (73.7%) did not report ON symptomatology and were considered as healthy controls (HC). The ON group scored significantly higher on almost all AdAS spectrum domains. Moreover, being female and scoring higher on AdAS spectrum were statistically predictive factors for the presence of ON symptomatology. Among AdAS spectrum domains, higher scores on AdAS spectrum inflexibility and adherence to routine and restricted interests and rumination domains, as well as lower scores on verbal communication domain, were statistically predictive of orthorexic symptoms.

    Conclusions

    Our findings highlight an overlap between ON and autism spectrum psychopathology. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between restrictive eating disorders and female autism phenotypes.

  • Behavioral addictions: a novel challenge for psychopharmacology

  • Donatella Marazziti, Silvio Presta, Stefano Baroni, Stefano Silvestri, Liliana Dell'Osso
  • Journal:
    CNS Spectrums / Volume 19 / Issue 6 / December 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    04 March 2014, pp. 486-495

  • Although addictive syndromes have been traditionally related to substance-use disorders, during the last few decades a novel addictive group, including the so-called “behavioral or no-drug addictions,” has been recognized and has attracted increasing attention for its relevant social impact. This group includes pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, TV/Internet/social network/videogame addictions, workaholism, sex and relationship addictions, orthorexia, and overtraining syndrome. Substance and behavioral addictions show similar phenomenological features, such as craving, dependence, tolerance, and abstinence, and perhaps they share a common possible pathophysiology. It is, however, controversial whether all or at least some of them should be considered real disorders or just normal, albeit extreme, behaviors. The aim of this article is to review current data on pharmacological treatment of behavioral addictions. As no specific and validated treatment algorithms are currently available, only an improved knowledge on their psychopathological, clinical, and neurobiological features may have relevant implications for more focused preventive and therapeutic strategies.