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7 results

  • Chapter 19 - The Thalamus and Sleep

  • from Section 8: - Arousal
  • Edited by Michael M. Halassa, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Book:
    The Thalamus
    Published online:
    12 August 2022
    Print publication:
    01 September 2022, pp 361-381

  • Summary

    The architecture of the thalamus and its reciprocal connections with multiple cortical and subcortical structures are essential to the generation of the thalamo-cortical network oscillations associated with attention, sleep, and consciousness. This chapter provides an overview of the cellular mechanisms underlying thalamo-cortical network oscillations occurring during sleep and their contribution to the architecture of the sleep–wake cycle, including the onset and stability of non–rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. It further summarizes the influence of the brainstem neuromodulatory system on thalamo-cortical network activity during wakefulness and sleep. Finally, the association between these mechanisms and synaptic plasticity in thalamo-cortical networks is described in the context of sleep-dependent consolidation, or weakening, of previously acquired information in health and disease.

  • Chapter 4 - Characteristics of REM and NREM Sleep

  • from Part I - Sleep
  • Patrick McNamara, Boston University
  • Book:
    The Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreams
    Published online:
    15 February 2019
    Print publication:
    28 February 2019, pp 60-77

  • Summary

    REM's biobehavioral characteristics are paradoxical in that its physiologic correlates appear to be injurious to the health of the organism while its brain correlates suggest social-emotional functions. Unlike REM, NREM biobehavioral characteristics are slightly less paradoxical but still enigmatic. NREM’s physiologic functions may be related to immune system function while its electrophysiologic properties are clearly related to the restorative functions of sleep. Both REM and NREM sleep likely participate in memory processing but so does the waking state. The fact that NREM appears to be associated with the gradual deactivation of a select group of brain structures that are then reactivated during REM suggests that the two sleep states either work in harmony with one another to maintain optimal brain function or that NREM undoes something that REM instantiates.

The Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreams
  • Patrick McNamara
  • Published online:
    15 February 2019
    Print publication:
    28 February 2019
  • This book provides a complete introduction to the neuroscience of sleep and dreams in plain language. In it, Patrick McNamara outlines new discoveries in the science of sleep and dreams, places them within an evolutionary context, and brings them together with existing scientific findings and implications for sleep medicine. Unlike other introductory texts, the important evolutionary background and social nature of sleep and dreams is emphasized. Major advances in sleep medicine, sleep and memory, dream content analyzes, brain correlates of sleep stages and lifespan development of sleep are covered in depth. While the text is geared towards students, the general reader and scientists studying other disciplines will find it accessible and informative.

  • Chapter 11 - Rehabilitation of stroke and sleep apnea

  • Edited by Antonio Culebras
  • Book:
    Sleep, Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease
    Published online:
    05 January 2013
    Print publication:
    06 December 2012, pp 127-138

  • Summary

    Evidence suggests that untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a significant health risk for the development of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. OSA is independently associated with obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance/diabetes mellitus, the three stroke risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. Studies in normal subjects and sleep apneic patients suggest that upper airway occlusion induces arousal from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep once the level of inspiratory effort reaches a certain value, which varies among individuals. During apnea there are several stimuli that are well known to be able to induce arousal, including hypercapnia, hypoxia, and increased airway resistance. Cohort studies have shown OSA to be a risk factor for stroke. OSA is associated with a variety of stroke risk factors that may independently contribute to stroke risk. This suggests the potential for a cause-and-effect relationship between untreated OSA and stroke in some cases.

  • Case 36 - Restlessness and jerking upon recumbency when trying to fall asleep

  • from Part VII - Sleep-related movement disorders
  • Edited by Antonio Culebras
  • Book:
    Case Studies in Sleep Neurology
    Published online:
    10 November 2010
    Print publication:
    23 September 2010, pp 255-261

  • Summary

    This chapter presents the clinical history, examination, follow-up, treatment, diagnosis, and the results of the procedures performed on a 24-year-old man who was admitted with the chief concern of abnormal breathing sounds during sleep for the past 5 years. Physical examination and vital signs were normal with a BMI of 28 kg/m2. His Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, for subjective assessment of excessive daytime somnolence, was 9. The patient entered sleep through NREM sleep stages, had recognizable NREM/ REM sleep alternations and physiological muscle atonia during REM sleep, with a total sleep time of 222 minutes. The groaning sounds lasted between 5 and 15 seconds and recurred in clusters, 16 minutes in net duration but spanning across 30 minutes. The overall clinical and polygraphic features in this patient were felt to be consistent with the diagnosis of catathrenia, a syndrome whose etiology remains unclear.

  • Case 10 - Odd sleep-related behaviors

  • from Part IV - Parasomnias
  • Edited by Antonio Culebras
  • Book:
    Case Studies in Sleep Neurology
    Published online:
    10 November 2010
    Print publication:
    23 September 2010, pp 67-73

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the case of a 54-year-oldwoman with disturbing respiratory noise during nocturnal sleep. It presents the clinical history, examination, follow-up, treatment, diagnosis, and the results of the procedures performed on the patient. EMG investigation of laryngeal muscle activity was subsequently performed during wakefulness and sleep, placing fine-wire electrodes in the posterior cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid muscles. The specialist made a diagnosis of nocturnal inspiratory stridor based on the characteristics of the noise present only during sleep, particularly during NREM sleep. A diagnosis of REM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD) was also made due to the characteristic clinical history of violent motor behaviors during sleep associated with polysomnography (PSG) evidence of REM sleep without atonia. Tracheostomy and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are effective treatments of stridor; however, they do not always prevent death in multiple-system atrophy.

  • A review of mentation in REM and NREM sleep: “Covert” REM sleep as a possible reconciliation of two opposing models

  • Tore A. Nielsen
  • Journal:
    Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 23 / Issue 6 / December 2000
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 September 2001, pp. 851-866

  • Numerous studies have replicated the finding of mentation in both rapid eye movement (REM) and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. However, two different theoretical models have been proposed to account for this finding: (1) a one-generator model, in which mentation is generated by a single set of processes regardless of physiological differences between REM and NREM sleep; and (2) a two-generator model, in which qualitatively different generators produce cognitive activity in the two states. First, research is reviewed demonstrating conclusively that mentation can occur in NREM sleep; global estimates show an average mentation recall rate of about 50% from NREM sleep – a value that has increased substantially over the years. Second, nine different types of research on REM and NREM cognitive activity are examined for evidence supporting or refuting the two models. The evidence largely, but not completely, favors the two-generator model. Finally, in a preliminary attempt to reconcile the two models, an alternative model is proposed that assumes the existence of covert REM sleep processes during NREM sleep. Such covert activity may be responsible for much of the dreamlike cognitive activity occurring in NREM sleep.