We propose a typology that accounts for current priorities of legal systems and the main mechanisms through which they dispose of cases.

The proposed typology is the result of a five-year empirical study of legal systems, analyzing data from court dockets, court observations, and interviews with legal actors. The study uncovers: (1) legal systems that have reshaped themselves to place an emphasis on pre-filing, creating disincentives to filing cases and trial while promoting settlement; (2) legal systems that place an emphasis on pretrial, allowing filing of cases but introducing incentives to help cases settle before they reach trial; and (3) legal systems that continue to place an emphasis on trial while allowing other forms of dispute resolution.

We show that each family differs in the aim of civil justice, the function of law, the nature of the judicial role, access to justice, and the institutional function of courts. Moreover, a pre-filing emphasis seems conducive to AI-based dispute resolution that may be developed in the future. The typology allows for a dynamic observation of legal systems as they transition from one family to another, and has implications for legal reforms and harmonization.

This chapter introduces readers to the history and concept of social and emotional intelligences. Readers explore the spectrum of social and emotional intelligences that are associated with holistic processes within the organism to understand emotional states, develop social awareness, regulate emotional states, develop empathy, make growth-promoting decisions, and form diverse relationships. The author situates this discussion within a multicultural framework by expanding definitions to be inclusive of diverse cultural perspectives.

This chapter reviews the principle domains assessed by clinical neuropsychologists when conducting a cognitive assessment and the utility of assessment in diagnosis and clinical management. It provides an overview of methods for estimating prior functioning, the non-specific nature of patients’ subjective neurological complaints, validity and base rate issues, and some of the difficulties and complicating issues that arise when interpreting neuropsychological data. Those interested in succinct summaries of clinical presentations and “bedside” measures may find Hodges [1] and Larner [2] useful further reading, and those interested in detailed reviews of cognitive tests can do no better than to consult Lezak, Howieson, Bigler and Tranel’s [3] authoritative text.

This paper presents the main topics, arguments, and positions in the philosophy of AI at present (excluding ethics). Apart from the basic concepts of intelligence and computation, the main topics of artificial cognition are perception, action, meaning, rational choice, free will, consciousness, and normativity. Through a better understanding of these topics, the philosophy of AI contributes to our understanding of the nature, prospects, and value of AI. Furthermore, these topics can be understood more deeply through the discussion of AI; so we suggest that “AI philosophy” provides a new method for philosophy.

This chapter reviews findings about the structural changes to the brain, considering effects on both gray matter and white matter and relationships between these measures and behavior. It also reviews research on changes with age to the connectivity of the brain and the default mode network. Findings related to effects of aging on perception and sensation as well as neurotransmitters are presented. The chapter ends with extensive coverage of individual difference factors, including genetic influences, intelligence, cognitive reserve, bilingualism, personality, and stress.

Since its founding in 1987, the political and ideological dimensions of the terror organization Hamas have been well discussed by scholars. In contrast, this innovative study takes a new approach by exploring the entire scope of Hamas’s intelligence activity against its state adversary, Israel. Using primary sources in Arabic, Hebrew, and English, the author analyzes the development of Hamas’s various methods for gathering information, its use of this information for operational needs and strategic analysis, and its counterintelligence activity against the Israeli intelligence apparatus. The Hamas Intelligence War against Israel explores how Hamas’s activity has gradually become more sophisticated as its institutions have become more established and the nature of the conflict has changed. As the first full-length study to analyze the intelligence efforts of a violent non-state actor, this book sheds new light on the activities and operations of Hamas, and opens new avenues for intelligence research in the wider field.

Since its founding in 1987, the political and ideological dimensions of the terror organization Hamas have been well discussed by scholars. In contrast, this innovative study takes a new approach by exploring the entire scope of Hamas’s intelligence activity against its state adversary, Israel. Using primary sources in Arabic, Hebrew, and English, the author analyzes the development of Hamas’s various methods for gathering information, its use of this information for operational needs and strategic analysis, and its counterintelligence activity against the Israeli intelligence apparatus. The Hamas Intelligence War against Israel explores how Hamas’s activity has gradually become more sophisticated as its institutions have become more established and the nature of the conflict has changed. As the first full-length study to analyze the intelligence efforts of a violent non-state actor, this book sheds new light on the activities and operations of Hamas, and opens new avenues for intelligence research in the wider field.

The conclusion chapter sums up the contribution of Hamas’s intelligence to the organization’s activities associated with its struggle against Israel. It details the strengths and weaknesses of the organization’s efforts to gather intelligence on Israel, counter Israeli intelligence activity, and assess Israel’s intentions and capabilities. This chapter also examines lessons from the case study of Hamas that may be applied to a general understanding of intelligence warfare by VNSAs.

Spying in South Asia examines the misguided and self-defeating Cold War interventions undertaken by British and American intelligence and security agencies in post-colonial India. British and American policymakers mounted intelligence operations in the Indian subcontinent on the basis of questionable, and often conflicting assumptions: that covert action could steer Indian opinion in a pro-Western direction; that British and American intelligence agencies could be insulated from Indian antipathy for colonialism and neo-colonialism; that Western intelligence support would corrode India’s relations with the Soviet Union; that controversies surrounding American intelligence practice would not cut through with the Indian public; that the subcontinent’s politicians would not employ the CIA as a lightning rod for India’s domestic travails; and that secret intelligence activity could help to arrest a decline in British and American influence in India. Today, India’s emergence as an economic titan, renewed Sino-Indian tensions, and backwash from the ‘War on Terror’, keep the subcontinent in the global headlines.

After close examination of the Allied campaigns of the SWPA, the importance of the Australian infantry brigade as a key combat formation is without question. An examination of the infantry brigade group (jungle) as an intermediate formation commanding infantry battalions and numerous attached units demonstrates the role of an infantry brigade as crucial to the victories in New Guinea and Borneo. The complex terrain of the SWPA islands, which sometimes constrained and at times isolated the brigades, offered these formations the opportunity to evolve.

The 18th Australian Infantry Brigade returned from the Buna and Sanananda campaigns a victorious but physically broken force. It had suffered more than 96 per cent casualties owing to a combination of weather, terrain, disease and the enemy, and would have to reconstruct the foundations of the brigade, built around a core of experienced veterans and the assimilation of motorised troops and replacement soldiers.1 The 18th Brigade would have to start building basic soldiering skills, the integration of jungle warfare lessons learnt, and the introduction of formal brigade leadership schools. This is also the period when the brigade undergoes a dramatic reorganisation under 7th Division’s establishment as a jungle division, which was outlined in chapter 1.

From the nineteenth century to the twenty-first century, British espionage fiction documents relations between the UK and its European neighbours. In many countries, spying was conducted under the auspices of the Foreign Office, albeit at arm’s length. From the 1920s until 1968, British spies often worked in Passport Control Offices, which were attached to consulates in Europe and around the world. These spies, however, did not hold diplomatic status. In novels such as The Riddle of the Sands (1903), The Secret Agent (1907), The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), A Small Town in Germany (1968), and A Perfect Spy (1986), amateur and professional spies take diplomatic cover or work in tandem with government officials. More often than not, early spy fiction presumes that European interests are inimical to British sovereignty and security. In The Riddle of the Sands, Germans plan to invade England. In The Thirty-Nine Steps, continental Europeans foment an assassination plot against the Greek Prime Minister to instigate a war. Although Cold War alignments and membership in the European Union change this dynamic, Britons remain suspicious of European motives. In this regard, British spy fiction asks the same question in different historical contexts: in what ways are Britons European, or not?