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8 results

  • 16 - The Implicit Association Test Paradigm

  • from Part 3 - Indirect Methods of Attitude Elicitation
  • Edited by Ruth Kircher, Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning, and Fryske Akademy, Netherlands, Lena Zipp, Universität Zürich
  • Book:
    Research Methods in Language Attitudes
    Published online:
    25 June 2022
    Print publication:
    07 July 2022, pp 250-268

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and its variants as novel measures for implicit language attitudes. The IAT is a reaction time-based categorisation task that measures automatic associations between a target and attribute concept. In the case of language attitudes, this comes down to measuring whether people automatically associate a language (variety) or linguistic feature with positive/negative valence or with specific social attributes of the speaker. The method originates in social psychology, where it has been used to study a wide variety of topics (e.g. racial bias, self-esteem), and has recently been introduced to linguistics to study the social meaning of language variation. This chapter discusses the merits and potential disadvantages of using the IAT paradigm for such linguistic purposes. In addition, the chapter gives a practical introduction to setting up a study using the IAT paradigm and explains how to analyse the reaction time data harvested in the experiment and interpret the results. The main points of the chapter are illustrated with a case study that uses the P-IAT to measure associations with Standard Belgian Dutch as well as two regional varieties of Belgian Dutch.

  • TAKE OFF YOUR HOODIE: Assessing How Professional Attire Influences the Perception of Black Men as Threatening

  • Malissa Alinor, Justine Tinkler
  • Journal:
    Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race / Volume 18 / Issue 1 / Spring 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 April 2021, pp. 97-117

  • Previous research has demonstrated that Black men are perceived to be more threatening than White men. Relatedly, public discourse suggests that respectable dress may reduce this perception. In this paper, we test whether professional attire reduces associations of threat with Black men. In three separate studies, participants completed a modified version of the Weapons Implicit Association Test (IAT). In Study 1, we tested whether Black men are associated with threat more than White men dressed in similar attire. In Study 2, we sought to test whether professional dress lessens the association between race and threat through intra-race comparisons. In Study 3, we assessed the perception of threat of Black men compared to White men when dressed in differing attire. Overall, findings indicate that participants associate Black men with threat more than White men, regardless of attire. Moreover, contrary to expectations, participants more strongly associate professional than casual dress with threat. The results have implications for public and scientific discourse regarding how contextual cues affect perceptions of Black men as threatening.

  • 12 - Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science

  • from Part III - Levels of Analysis and Etiology
  • Edited by Steve Sussman, University of Southern California
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
    Published online:
    13 July 2020
    Print publication:
    06 August 2020, pp 152-170

  • Summary

    Several decades of basic research support the neural basis of multiple memory systems. These systems are highly relevant to all health behaviors, since behaviors are learned from experience and require some form of memory process to retain learning and affect subsequent action. Research on the neuroscience of appetitive behaviors has rigorously studied motivational processes involved in behaviors such as drug use, diet, and sex. However, very little of this otherwise stellar research has attempted to integrate its findings with multiple memory system views that acknowledge the wide range of memory effects uncovered in several highly relevant basic research areas. Further, good explanatory theories of multiple memory systems studied mostly in addiction and in animal research have not yet been integrated with the vast knowledge base from human cognitive science. Moreover, most research on the epidemiology, prevention, or treatment of problems in appetitive behavior has not taken into account these basic research findings and has instead focused on theories and methods derived primarily from survey research. Yet, basic research areas from neuroscience and cognitive science are highly relevant to all areas of study of appetitive behavior, and the prevailing focus in prevention science on concepts derived from survey research may be channeled mostly by the training of investigators and disciplinary history. This chapter provides one example of how these disparate literatures from basic research might be integrated to advance our understanding of this class of behavior and derive new possibilities for intervention. It highlights examples of key findings supporting the need for a greater translational effort but also highlights large gaps in knowledge. Future research filling these gaps and others in the void between compelling research domains could substantially change and advance the study of addictions and all appetitive or habit-forming behaviors.

  • Deficit in rewarding mechanisms and prefrontal left/right cortical effect in vulnerability for internet addiction

  • Michela Balconi, Roberta Finocchiaro
  • Journal:
    Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 28 / Issue 5 / October 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 March 2016, pp. 272-285
  • Objective

    The present research explored the cortical correlates of rewarding mechanisms and cortical ‘unbalance’ effect in internet addiction (IA) vulnerability.

    Methods

    Internet Addiction Inventory (IAT) and personality trait (Behavioural Inhibition System, BIS; Behavioural Activation System, BAS) were applied to 28 subjects. Electroencephalographic (EEG, alpha frequency band) and response times (RTs) were registered during a Go-NoGo task execution in response to different online stimuli: gambling videos, videogames or neutral stimuli. Higher-IAT (more than 50 score, with moderate or severe internet addiction) and lower-IAT (<50 score, with no internet addiction).

    Results

    Alpha band and RTs were affected by IAT, with significant bias (reduced RTs) for high-IAT in response to gambling videos and videogames; and by BAS, BAS-Reward subscale (BAS-R), since not only higher-IAT, but also BAS and BAS-R values determined an increasing of left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity (alpha reduction) in response to videogames and gambling stimuli for both Go and NoGo conditions, in addition to decreased RTs for these stimuli categories.

    Conclusion

    The increased PFC responsiveness and the lateralisation (left PFC hemisphere) effect in NoGo condition was explained on the basis of a ‘rewarding bias’ towards more rewarding cues and a deficit in inhibitory control in higher-IAT and higher-BAS subjects. In contrast lower-IAT and lower-BAS predicted a decreased PFC response and increased RTs for NoGo (inhibitory mechanism). These results may support the significance of personality (BAS) and IAT measures for explaining future internet addiction behaviour based on this observed ‘vulnerability’.

  • Addictive behaviors and personality traits in adolescents

  • Donato Munno, Marta Saroldi, Elisa Bechon, Sara Chiara Maria Sterpone, Giuseppina Zullo
  • Journal:
    CNS Spectrums / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / April 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 August 2015, pp. 207-213
  • Introduction

    Behavioral addictions refer to repeated dysfunctional behaviors that do not involve the ingestion of addictive substances. Studies on the association between behavioral addictions and personality traits have noted in individuals with problematic behaviors a high proclivity toward impulsivity and sensation-seeking and a low predisposition to harm avoidance. The majority of these studies have focused on adults, while far fewer have involved adolescents.

    Methods

    The study population was 109 high school students (age range 15–18 years) in Turin, Italy. Participants completed an assessment that comprised a demographic questionnaire and 3 self-report questionnaires: the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ), the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Multidimensional Questionnaire for Adolescents (QMA).

    Results

    A gender-related difference in the risk of developing an addictive behavior was observed, with a significantly higher percentage of risk seen for several addiction tendencies among the males. Statistically significant correlations emerged between some personality determinants and certain addictive behaviors.

    Discussion

    The study pinpoints epidemiological indicators for the extent of this growing problem among adolescents.

    Conclusions

    The findings have implications for identifying protection factors and risk factors for addictive behaviors and related psychiatric disorders, and the development of primary prevention strategies derived from such factors.

  • Disorder-specific automatic self-associations in depression and anxiety: results of The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety

  • K. A. Glashouwer, P. J. de Jong
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 40 / Issue 7 / July 2010
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 October 2009, pp. 1101-1111
  • Background

    Cognitive theory points to the importance of negative self-schemas in the onset and maintenance of depression and anxiety disorders. Hereby, it is important to distinguish between automatic and explicit self-schemas, reflecting different cognitive-motivational systems. This study tested whether patients with a current major depression and/or anxiety disorder are characterized by automatic self-anxious and self-depressive associations and whether these associations are disorder specific.

    Method

    Patients (n=2329) and non-clinical controls (n=652) were tested as part of The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, a multi-center, longitudinal, cohort study with patients from different health care settings. Patient groups and non-clinical controls (18–65 years of age) were compared with regard to automatic self-anxious and self-depressive associations measured with the Implicit Association Test.

    Results

    Individuals with an anxiety disorder showed enhanced self-anxious associations, whereas individuals with a depression showed enhanced self-depressive associations. Individuals with co-morbid disorders scored high on both automatic self-associations. Although remitted individuals showed weaker automatic self-associations than people with a current disorder, their automatic self-anxious/depressed associations were still significantly stronger than those of the control group. Importantly, automatic self-associations showed predictive validity for the severity of anxious and depressive symptoms over and above explicit self-beliefs.

    Conclusions

    This study represents the first evidence that automatic self-anxious and self-depressive associations are differentially involved in anxiety disorders and depression. This may help to explain the refractoriness of these disorders and points to the potential importance of automatic self-associations in the development of psychopathological symptoms.

  • CRIME ALERT!: How Thinking about a Single Suspect Automatically Shifts Stereotypes toward an Entire Group

  • Scott A. Akalis, Mahzarin R. Banaji, Stephen M. Kosslyn
  • Journal:
    Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race / Volume 5 / Issue 2 / Fall 2008
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 December 2008, pp. 217-233

  • Crime alerts are meant to raise community awareness and identify individual criminal suspects; they are not expected to affect attitudes and beliefs toward the social group to which an individual suspect belongs. However, psychological principles of learning, categorization, and memory predict that what is learned about an instance can color perception of an entire category. At the intersection of psychology, criminal justice, sociology, and media studies, two experiments were conducted to test the effect that providing individual racial identity in crime alerts has on racial group stereotypes. In Experiment 1, participants visualized four scenarios involving Black or White would-be criminals. Results revealed that in the case where Black would-be criminals were made salient in memory, participants demonstrated significantly more negative implicit stereotypes toward Blacks as a group compared with a condition in which White would-be criminals were more salient in memory. In Experiment 2, participants read a written description of a crime scene with a suspect who was either depicted as White or Black, and then imagined the suspect. On both implicit and explicit measures of group stereotypes obtained afterward, participants who read about a Black criminal reported and revealed more anti-Black/pro-White stereotypes than did those who read about a White criminal. Crime alerts that mention racial identity, whatever their benefit, come with the burden of shifting stereotypes of social groups. In this context, the value of racial identification in crime alerts warrants reconsideration.