Several decades of basic research support the neural basis of multiple memory systems. These systems are highly relevant to all health behaviors, since behaviors are learned from experience and require some form of memory process to retain learning and affect subsequent action. Research on the neuroscience of appetitive behaviors has rigorously studied motivational processes involved in behaviors such as drug use, diet, and sex. However, very little of this otherwise stellar research has attempted to integrate its findings with multiple memory system views that acknowledge the wide range of memory effects uncovered in several highly relevant basic research areas. Further, good explanatory theories of multiple memory systems studied mostly in addiction and in animal research have not yet been integrated with the vast knowledge base from human cognitive science. Moreover, most research on the epidemiology, prevention, or treatment of problems in appetitive behavior has not taken into account these basic research findings and has instead focused on theories and methods derived primarily from survey research. Yet, basic research areas from neuroscience and cognitive science are highly relevant to all areas of study of appetitive behavior, and the prevailing focus in prevention science on concepts derived from survey research may be channeled mostly by the training of investigators and disciplinary history. This chapter provides one example of how these disparate literatures from basic research might be integrated to advance our understanding of this class of behavior and derive new possibilities for intervention. It highlights examples of key findings supporting the need for a greater translational effort but also highlights large gaps in knowledge. Future research filling these gaps and others in the void between compelling research domains could substantially change and advance the study of addictions and all appetitive or habit-forming behaviors.