Climate change is profoundly modifying the earth’s environment, making certain territories uninhabitable. Faced with this known phenomenon, this article outlines a research approach for assessing the law’s role in encouraging states to preemptively protect individuals who live in deteriorating territories, notably by enabling mobility. The question is, however, far from simple, insofar as most of the ways to adapt to climate change—and particularly mobility, which has important human and social implications—require profound societal choices that anthropology has the tools to study. I therefore accompany my legal research with an anthropological approach centered around ethnography conducted at three sites—France, Guadeloupe, Senegal—where state-sponsored mobility is either being considered or already being used as an option to confront the progressive disappearance of land that is being swept away by the sea.

A new Scyllaeidae of the genus Notobryon is described from Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. Notobryon caribbaeus sp. nov. is characterized by having the anterior pair of body lobes remarkably bigger than the posterior pair, a stomach with eight triangular plates, a black and very wide ampulla, a lemon-shaped bursa copulatrix and a complex and well-differentiated sponge-like prostate. The first Caribbean records of Notobryon were provisionally assigned to the Australian species Notobryon cf. wardi and later transferred to Notobryon panamica. However, the structure of the male genital system is one of the main morphological characters to discriminate species in the genus and the presence of a prostate in N. caribbaeus sp. nov. distinguishes it from N. panamica, which remains confined to the eastern Pacific. Of the remaining four species in the world, only Notobryon bijecurum shares this character, but its external anatomy is different: it lacks a bursa copulatrix and the deferent duct is much shorter. Notobryon caribbaeus sp. nov. was captured in the context of an intensive expedition (‘Karubenthos’) organized by the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris and its description raises the total inventory of sea slugs in Guadeloupe to 150.

Settlements and cemeteries associated with a European colonial presence provide rich opportunities to gain insights into the character and composition of those populations, even in the absence of written records. The study reported here has the added fascination of a detective story, seeking to match an unknown burial ground to a series of known but long lost cemeteries. The systematic analysis of the graves and their occupants is carried out within a comparative framework which highlights the variable composition and distinguishing features of the different types of graveyard that are encountered within a colonial context. The authors conclude that the Baillif cemetery was a nineteenth-century military graveyard, and that many of the young men who were buried here were new recruits who fell victim to endemic diseases such as dysentery, yellow fever and malaria.

Abstract – Introduction. The susceptibility of banana fruit to crown rot andanthracnose, the two main banana post-harvest diseases, is influenced by many pre-harvestabiotic factors. Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases (MLSD) of bananas arebiotic pre-harvest factors, which have an influence on fruit physiology. The fruit’ssusceptibility to post-harvest diseases may also be influenced by foliar diseases causedby M. fijiensis, responsible for black leaf streak disease (BLSD), andM. musicola, which causes sigatoka disease (SD). The aim of our studywas to determine the influence of these biotic pre-harvest factors on banana fruit’ssusceptibility to crown rot and anthracnose. Materials and methods. A diseaseseverity gradient was established in two experimental fields (Cameroon for BLSD andGuadeloupe for SD) where, at the flowering stage, six different levels of MLSD severitywere selected. Fruit susceptibility was determined through necrotic surface assessmentsafter artificial inoculation by Colletotrichum musae on the 3rd hand ofharvested bunches. Results and discussion. BLSD significantly influencedbanana sensitivity to crown rot (P < 0.001) but only had a slighteffect on the development of anthracnose ( P = 0.041). SD had no effect(P > 0.05) on banana susceptibility to either post-harvest disease.These results are discussed with emphasis on the influence of variations in thesource-sink ratio on fruit physiology. The influence of BLSD on crown rot disease suggeststhe need to take into account the management of these foliar diseases for an alternativecontrol method of post-harvest diseases through integrated pest management programs.

The Guadeloupe archipelago hosts nesting of the threatened hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata, green Chelonia mydas and leatherback Dermochelys coriacea marine turtles. There is a need to monitor the nesting of these species but, with > 150 beaches in the archipelago, exhaustive monitoring is infeasible. Using a new monitoring design and a new statistical tool we have been able to monitor one-third of the beaches. Seasonality and level of nesting were described for the three species for 2 years on > 50 beaches. For each species beaches were categorized as A- or B-beaches, with high and low nest density, respectively. A-beaches were monitored on 6–7 days per month before and after the peak nesting period and on 7–15 days during the peak, and the B-beaches on 14–22 days during the peak. The monitoring design and statistical tool are described in detail as they could be applied to any migratory species. Hawksbill turtles at Trois Ilets beach have been monitored for 9 years and a positive trend in nesting has been detected.

Introduction. Bananas are harvestedat the green preclimacteric stage prior to sale. The time betweenharvest and the initiation of the natural ripening process is calledgreen life. Black Leaf Streak Disease and Sigatoka Disease are themain foliar diseases affecting banana production. Sigatoka Disease (SD)is due to Mycosphaerella musicola, which frequently causesearly ripening in commercial banana plantations, considered as animportant source of damage. Our work aimed at determining the effectivenessof the removal of necrotic leaves, one month before harvest, onrecovering banana quality arising from SD-infested plants. Materialsand methods. Banana plants (totaling 80) at the floweringstage were selected in an experimental plot. These plants were dividedinto two groups of SD infestation levels: level 1 (Severity Indexat flowering < 10%) and level 2 (Severity Index at flowering > 25%).We divided each group into two treatments: a treatment with no necroticleaf removal and a treatment with necrotic leaf removal. Fruitswere harvested at the same physiological age, at 900 degree-days. Fruitquality was characterized by weight, diameter, % of ripe fruit inthe field and fruit green life. Results. Our resultsshowed that the removal of necrotic leaves causes a reduction insize parameters but leads to a strong reduction in SD effects onthe fruit maturity, thereby preventing premature ripening. Bananaplants whose necrotic leaves were removed produced fruit with a verylong green life. Discussion. Removal of necrotic leaves allowsthwarting the negative effect of SD on fruit physiology. This showsthat the presence of necrosis during the last month of fruit growth isresponsible for this fruit physiological modification characterizedby early ripening. Conclusion. Removal of necroticleaves one month before the date of harvest may be a technique thatcan limit production losses when the infestation level by SD ishigh.

A comparative study of the damage caused by Hurricane Hugo on the three main types of forest in the lesser Antilles was carried out in the mangrove forest, the semi-evergreen forest and the rainforests of Guadeloupe. Hurricane impact on these forests showed at first that high canopy trees generally prevented understorey trees from heavy direct damage (shield effect). In the species-poor, structurally homogeneous stands, in the mangrove forest, species' susceptibility was the major determinant in both intensity and type of damage. Damage was heavy in places and showed a certain spatial uniformity. In the rainforest, the high structural complexity of the vegetation generally induced a great variability in the spatial distribution of damage even at a small scale. Due to the presence of tall trees, indirect damage was locally very heavy. Clumps of large trees formed resistant structures which diminished lethal damage below the main canopy (cluster effect). In such a highly structured, species-rich forest, species' susceptibility was concealed at the local scale by the prevailing influence of vertical structure. Because of its relatively rich flora but low stature, the semi-deciduous forest exhibited intermediate patterns of damage. It was concluded that floristic composition and forest structure help to explain, and to predict, hurricane damage to forest cover.

Introduction. Le charançon du noyau de la mangue, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius), est un ravageur spécifique du manguier, classé comme insecte de quarantaine dans de nombreux pays producteurs de mangues où il n’est pas présent. Distribué dans toute la zone de production du manguier, il a été identifié en Guadeloupe en 1986 et s’y est largement développé depuis. Il existe peu de solutions en matière de lutte. Sur la base de données bibliographiques et de compléments d’observations réalisées en Guadeloupe, nous avons essayé de proposer de nouvelles méthodes de contrôle des populations du charançon. Matériel et méthode. Le cycle larvaire de S. mangiferae a lieu entièrement dans le fruit, de l’éclosion de l’œuf au stade adulte. Il dure de (1 à 2) mois. Les pontes altèrent l’aspect de l’épiderme des mangues. La larve se nourrit de leur amande. Les dégâts des larves sur les graines compromettent leur viabilité. Une prospection de l’insecte a été effectuée sur l’ensemble de l’île de la Guadeloupe. Le comportement de six variétés de manguier a été observé face aux attaques du charançon. Pour deux variétés de manguiers, Julie et Irwin, un suivi des pontes bihebdomadaire a été réalisé du 11 avril au 2 juin 2005. Résultats. L’insecte est présent sur la totalité de l’île. Il attaque indifféremment toutes les variétés, mais, dans le cas de la variété Julie, les larves atteignent difficilement le stade adulte. Nous avons pu caractériser la période de développement du fruit la plus sujette aux attaques. Un intervalle optimum de taille de fruit a été défini pour recevoir le traitement qui a été situé par rapport au stade de développement de la mangue. Discussion. Des recherches plus poussées sur la variété Julie pourraient être intéressantes pour le développement de variétés tolérantes.

Introduction. The worldwide production of banana and plantain, which is estimated to 106 Mt·year–1, relies on a narrow genetic basis. Thus, banana production is fragile regarding emergent diseases, and creation of new varieties of banana stands out as a real necessity for its sustainability. In banana, various improvement strategies aim to create triploid hybrids. The objective of this report is to present a simple in vitro methodology to induce stable tetraploid plants by colchicine treatment, usable as parent for obtaining triploid varieties. Materials and methods. Twenty-one diploid M. acuminata clones and three interspecific M. acuminata / M. balbisiana diploid clones were treated as proliferating culture in liquid medium with 1.25 mM of colchicine for 48 h. Plant screening has been performed by morphological identification in greenhouse, chromosome counts on root tips and flow cytometry on leave blades on vitroplants using propidium iodide staining. Results. Chromosome counts led to distinguish diploid and tetraploid plants but did not afford to detect chimeras. Flow cytometry allowed an early screening of a larger number of plants leading to detect rapidly chimerical plants. It was observed that some stable 2x / 4x cytochimeras are periclinal. Tetraploid clones were obtained with all diploid genotypes. General behaviour of tetraploids in the field was globally weaker than the corresponding diploids. Nevertheless, all the doubled-diploids flowered and crossed with diploid plants to obtain triploid progenies. Conclusion. This study has clearly shown that induction of stable doubled-diploid plants can be obtained from a wide range of genetically different bananas. These results open the way to the systematic use of doubled-diploids by banana breeding programs for the release of enhanced triploid varieties.

Introduction. Aux Antilles, l’introduction de la jachère, dont l’utilité dans la maîtrise du parasitisme tellurique est avérée, est à l’ordre du jour du fait de l’explosion du parasitisme lié à la monoculture bananière. Comme cette pratique est soutenue par la recherche et les pouvoirs publics, l’étude entreprise a eu pour but d’analyser les écarts entre les préconisations portées par un dispositif institutionnel et les pratiques des agriculteurs afin d’identifier à quelles conditions les pratiques de jachère peuvent être mises en place. Méthodologie. Les déterminants et fonctions attribués aux jachères ainsi que les freins ont été abordés à partir d’enquêtes auprès d’exploitants. Celles-ci ont permis de recueillir entre autres les variables nécessaires à la caractérisation des règles de décision en matière de gestion des assolements et de contraintes endogènes à l’exploitation. Le choix des exploitations enquêtées nous a conduits à étudier les pratiques de jachères dans le cadre d’une typologie d’exploitation distinguant, parmi 42 exploitations étudiées, les types, « Diversifié », « Bananier familial » et « Bananier entrepreneurial ». Ces types sont représentatifs des exploitations de moins de 20 ha. Le cas de la jachère en Guadeloupe. Les résultats ont montré que la jachère est présente chez plus de la moitié des exploitants enquêtés. Sa situation varie avec les types d’exploitation ; elle est soit subie, soit intégrée dans les systèmes de culture. Les modes de conduites sont fonctions des objectifs des exploitants : assainissement, pâturage, gestion de la trésorerie, etc. Les freins au développement des jachères sont nombreux : manque de surface, difficulté de raisonner à long terme, manque à gagner sur une terre qui ne « produit » pas, etc. Cependant les calculs économiques sur des systèmes de culture incluant la jachère montrent que leurs marges brutes sont supérieures à celles trouvées pour des bananeraies continues et pérennes. La principale contrainte est rencontrée au moment du changement de système cultural lorsque l’exploitant doit faire face à une terre qui ne procurera un supplément de rendement que deux ans plus tard. Discussion et conclusion. Notre étude a mis en évidence que la multiplicité des pratiques de jachère, pertinentes au regard des objectifs des exploitants, n’est qu’en partie prise en compte dans les dispositifs institutionnels existants. Cela appelle une diversification des référentiels techniques.

Introduction. Mature-green Golden apples (Spondias cytherea Sonnerat) are used in the French West Indies for the preparation of a nectar. With the aim of improving the fruit processing conditions for a better quality of this beverage, morphological and compositional characteristics of the mature-green fruits were determined. Materials and methods. Mature-green fruits were harvested in Martinique (French West Indies) and characterised: diameter, length, mass, and colour were determined; pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, sugars, proteins, starch, fibre, vitamin C, phenols and green pigments were measured. Results and discussion. Average fruit length, diameter and weight were 71 mm, 54 mm and 116.4 g, respectively. With a low pH (2.6) and a high titratable acidity (1.3 g citric acid Eq·100 g–1 fresh material), mature-green Golden apple is an acidic fruit comparable to the lemon. The fruit is rich in vitamin C (52.0 mg·100 g–1), phenols (349.5 mg gallic acid Eq·100 g–1) and starch (7.1 g·100 g–1). The pale green colour of the pulp is due to pheophytins a and b. Conclusion. Our study provided a detailed analysis of mature-green Golden apples, which will be taken into account for the improvement of nectar processing conditions.

Introduction. The quantitative volatile compound composition of bananas (Musa acuminata, AAA group, Cavendish subgroup) was investigated in two different cultivars (Robusta and Grande Naine) grown at two different altitudes [(90 and 500) m], and ripened at two different maturity stages (color grades 5 and 7). Materials and methods. Volatile compounds were separated and identified by coupled capillary gas liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry. After evaluating changes in volatile composition during ripening, the effect of both growth altitude and cultivar was examined. Results and discussion. For a partially mature fruit, the growth altitude showed different effects on the two cultivars. The Robusta cv. exhibited a higher aroma volatile compound concentration at high altitude, while that of the Grande Naine cv. was higher at low altitude. At the fully mature stage, this difference still existed but was not so distinct. Conclusion. Whatever the ripening stage, Robusta cv. exhibited the highest aroma volatile compound concentration. Discriminate sensory analysis closely related to differences in the volatile composition of samples.

Raccoons Procyon spp. from New Providence Island in the Bahamas and from Barbados and Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles have traditionally been recognized as distinctive species endemic to their respective islands. All three of these ‘species’ currently possess official conservation status of high concern. Bahamian and Guadeloupean raccoons are recognized as endangered species by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), which also considers the Barbados raccoon to be a recently extinct West Indian mammal. However, historical, biogeographic, genetic, and morphological evidence demonstrate that all three West Indian raccoon populations are the result of human-sponsored introductions from the eastern U.S.A. that have occurred in the past few centuries. Accordingly, these animals should not be considered either conservation priorities or recent losses of biodiversity in the Caribbean. Instead, they may actually represent ecological threats to the insular ecosystems on their respective islands. Procyonid conservation goals must be re-examined and updated accordingly.

L'étude de la faune madicole est fort peu avancée aux tropiques. En Guadeloupe, l'étude d'un vaste habitat madicole typique dans le massif de la Soufrière a été entreprise. La faune comporte un nombre d'éléments eumadicoles ou au moins madicophiles : Hydracariens, Diptères, et surtout Trichoptères. Parmi les 10 espèces de Trichoptères appartenant à ces catégories, plusieurs sont soit des nouveautés pour la faune de la Guadeloupe, soit représentées par des [math] pas encore décrites au niveau de l'espèce pour être nommées ; le cas le plus remarquable est celui de la stricte coexistence de deux espèces de Byrsopteryx, dont une décrite comme nouvelle, et qui se distinguent par la coloration des ailes et par la structure des tergites abdominaux, leurs genitalia [math] semblant être identiques. Les Trichoptères de 4 cours d'eau auparavant non échantillonnés et appartenant à des zones différentes ont été collectés à la lumière UV, ce qui permet certaines comparaisons. La description de deux espèces endémiques pour la Guadeloupe est complétée. 47 espèces de Trichoptères sont actuellement connues de Guadeloupe.

Nodulation of Pterocarpus officinalis appears to be widely distributed in the swamp forest of Guadeloupe even under conditions of permanent waterlogging. The large majority of the nodules were found above the water table and as such were located on large aerial buttresses or on root hairs which develop mainly in emerged soil. Further, large trees modify their environment by accumulating litter between the buttresses to the point of ensuring sufficient topographic elevation to keep a volume of soil regularly emerged. Consequently the nodules were concentrated in a small circle (5 m in diameter) around the oldest trees. A few nodules (5%) survived under the water table, provided that healthy root hairs were present, and this kept the rate of nodulation constant over a vertical gradient (0.9 nodule g−1 root DW). The C2H4-evolution rate of P. officinalis, 2.6–5.9 μmol h−1 g−1, appeared to be quite low compared to that of the potted Gliricidia sepium cuttings (19.4 μmol h−1 g−1), but was considerably higher than that of the woody liana Dalbergia monetaria (1.0 μmol h−1 g−1) from the same swamp forest site as P. officinalis. It was concluded that P. officinalis is a N2-fixing tree species under the waterlogged conditions of tropical swamp forests, and was hypothesised that the symbiotic nitrogen fixation on P. officinalis buttresses and root hairs could be considered as an additional adaptation to flooded soil and a contribution to its success in the tropical swamp forests of the Caribbean region.